GENERAL VIEW OF GETTYSBURG.

537

this ridge, from the Chambersburg pike to a short distance below Big Round Top,-about three miles, - the Confederate line extended during the battles of the second and third days. That large brick building upon this hill, surmounted by a cupola, is the Lutheran Theological Seminary, from which the hill was named. The left of the Federal line, on the first day's engagement, extended down some distance below this building; and near it General Reynolds was killed. That large white building to your left. is Pennsylvania College. It was used as a hospital during the battle, and from its cupola General Lee took observations. The first road, or street, which leaves the town, and leads up and over the hill in a westerly direction, is the Chambersburg Pike. By this road the principal part of the Confederate army came, and by it their great wagon train of wounded retreated after the close of the three days of conflict. Along this road, a short distance out, stands a stone house in which General Lee had his headquarters. The next road immediately after this, which runs in a south-westerly direction, crossing Seminary Ridge below the seminary, is the Fairfield Road. It crosses the South Mountain by Monterey Pass. Upon this road the Confederate army retreated after the battle.

Turning to your left, you see in the distance the Adams County Alms-house, around which desperate fighting took place. The hills to your left are CULP's and WOLFF HILL

names which have become historic. CEMETERY HILL, crowned with the stars and stripes, rises to your view just beyond the town.

Arrived at Gettysburg, you will proceed first to EAST CEMETERY HILL. This stands at the southern edge

of the town, and you reach it by going out Baltimore Street, or the Baltimore Pike. Upon this hill, to your left, and directly opposite the entrance to the Soldiers' National Cemetery, is the center of the Federal position. A view of the breast-works and cannon, which yet remain, is given on page 278 of this book. Here the broken,

OBSERVATORY ON EAST CEMETERY HILL.
(From a photograph by Tipton,)

but heroic survivors of the First and Eleventh corps rallied behind those guns which you see around you. And here, in the evening of the second day's engagement, the most desperate hand to hand fighting took place. The Louisiana Tigers charged up and upon this hill and captured the guns, but after a desperate and terrific hand to hand fight, in which the butts of guns, cannon rammers,

VIEW FROM EAST CEMETERY HILL.

539

and stones were used, they were driven away, and in their retreat a battery stationed to your right across that depression, swept through and through them with grape and canister. But let us mount the Observatory upon this hill and take a survey. Here you have an excellent view of the scene of the first day's engagement. From Seminary Ridge, about a mile to the west, and a half mile south of the Theological Seminary, to about two miles to the north and north-east, at Barlow's Knoll, where a monument may be seen, the line of battle extended. Over the fields intervening the conflict raged; and when the Federals were compelled to fall back, they retreated over these and through the town to the hill which you stand. Turning your eyes to the west and south-west you have a fine view of Seminary Ridge upon which the Confederate line rested during the battles of the second and third days. The illustrations upon pages 260 and 298 show this ridge from where the Chambersburg pike crosses it, to that point where Pickett's division of Longstreet's Corps joined the right of Hill's; and the illustration in this chapter-View from Little Round Top looking westshows the extension of that hill to the extreme right of the Confederate line.

upon

Turning toward the east-but about a half mile-is Culp's Hill, a view of which is given on page 280, and beyond it is Wolff Hill, where the Federal right terminated. Upon Culp's Hill you will see the Federal breast - works, which yet remain as is shown on page 302. A short distance further east is Spangler's Spring, where, on the evening of the second day of the battle, Johnson's division, in the absence of nearly the whole of the Twelfth Corps,

which defended that part of the line, and had been sent to assist in repelling Longstreet's assault upon the left, succeeded in obtaining au entrance, which, had it been followed up, might have proved fatal to the Federals. This position the Confederates held during the night, but were driven out in the morning after a fearful and desperate engagement of six hours duration. The slain here were many, the Confederates losing most heavily.

Returning from Culp's Hill, we enter the SOLDIERS' NATIONAL CEMETERY, and view the beautiful resting-place of the heroic slain. A beautiful view of this sacred place will be found in the preceding chapter. That bronzed statue near the entrance is to the brave, noble, and gallant REYNOLDS. Although the place of his death is a mile to the west, and his body was interred at Lancaster, Pennsylvania, his statue was placed here. It is but right that in the absence of himself, that which represents him should be placed among his gallant fallen comrades. From the Cemetery, as well as from the Observatory, you have an excellent view of the Confederate position of the second and third days. Upon that ridge their line was formed, and all along it down to Round Top, and through the town, and around to the north-east of it- a distance from one extreme to the other of about four and a half miles a line of bristling bayonets stood. And all along that ridge, as well as upon elevated positions to the north and north-east, across the fields and beyond the town, their batteries were planted. These all in terrible concert opened upon the place where you now stand during the fearful two hours' prelude to Pickett's great assault upon the afternoon of the 3d of July. The ground all about you was torn and ploughed

ON THE WAY TO LITTLE ROUND TOP.

541 with shot and shell, and almost every foot of it was hallowed with patriot blood. That modest looking building you see to your left, standing by the side of the Taneytown road, was GENERAL MEADE'S HEAD-QUARTERS. Just before Pickett's great assault, General Meade removed to Powers' Hill, which stands about half a mile to the south-east by the Baltimore pike, where General Slocum had previously established his head-quarters.

Having satisfied your curiosity, or spent as much time as you have at your disposal in looking about this part of the field, you will next proceed to LITTLE ROUND TOP.

Round Top is about three miles south of Gettysburg, and the train, if you go by rail, will land you at Round Top Park, on the eastern slope of that historic hill. Passing down by rail from the town, you go between the lines of the two armies - Seminary Ridge on your right, and Cemetery Hill and Ridge on your left. That dilapidated yellow farm house, with a barn opening toward you, about two hundred yards to your right, and just on this crossing of that lane, marks the extreme left of Pickett's great assaulting column. On your left you will see, on the slope of the hill, a clump of trees, one of which is umbrella shaped. This was the center and focus of the great charge, and General Pickett, it is said, directed his men to aim at that place. At that point the Federal line was pierced; there General Armistead received his mortal wound; near it Hancock was wounded; and there the rebellion received its deathblow. Excellent views of this historic place, with the ground over which the charge was made, are given on pages 370, 374. To your right, as the train crosses the Emmittsburg road, you will see a brick house and red barn.