In WIRTEMBERG, it is well known that education is carried on by the government in a successful manner. Each locality, comprising thirty families, is bound by law to provide a school. Localities containing less than thirty families are bound by law to unite with a neighbouring locality; but if the road thereto be dangerous, or exceed two and a half English miles, the government committee of education can decree a school for fifteen families.

If a minority (in religious opinion) contain as many as sixty families, it may claim a school of its own religious opinion, at the expense of the whole community without regard to religious professions, and by each individual in proportion to the amount of taxes paid by him. In poor communities the government contributes in part towards the salary of the schoolmaster and the support of the school. Where there are four thousand inhabitants, the schoolmaster's salary is three hundred and fifty florins, with house rent; where there are between two thousand and four thousand inhabitants, the salary is three hundred florins, with house rent. One schoolmaster is allowed to ninety scholars; two schoolmasters for more than ninety scholars; three for more than one hundred and eighty scholars, and so on. The school hours are, in summer four hours, in winter, six hours a day. The school is under the inspection of the clergyman of the confession to which the schoolmaster belongs, and under the control of the presbytery. The attendance of every child is compulsory at a primary school, unless his parents prefer to send him to a superior school; fine and imprisonment are the penalties against parents and guardians; and the police are charged also to compel the children to attend; if they cannot attend school, they must be taught privately, and if necessary, at the cost of the

state.

In BAVARIA, the state of education in 1844, was as follows:

Scholars in Day Schools... 183,641 186,102 90,697 92.529
In Holiday and Sunday do. 136,477 146,007 40,876 42,595

The population of Bavaria being 4,250,000 souls, we find that one in seven attended the day schools, and one in five a school of some kind where elementary instruction was given, but the attendance at all the schools shews that nearly one in four received instruction.

A complete system of inspection is established throughout Bavaria. Many schools are provided with nursery gardens, and are expected to be so. Out of six thousand and sixty-five German schools, five thousand two hundred and eighty-four had nursery gardens attached to them.

Before a pupil can go to a higher school, he must pass a satisfactory examination in a lower school. All candidates for state offices must pass examinations; apprentices in trade must be examined before they can become masters, and even officers in the army are required to pass through an examition on promotion.

The DUCHY of BADEN, is one of the most regularly organized of the States of Germany in its school manage

ment.

The care of schools is under the direction of the Minister of the Interior. The local authorities consist of clergy and laity combined in the following manner with state or public functionaries:

Inspector, as chairman;

The Mayor, or headborough ;

The Vestry of the parish, amongst Protestants;

The Trustees of Foundations in Roman Catholic communities; and the

Directors of Synagogues among the Jews.

The teachers are, if possible, to be present at the deliberations of the authorities.

The education department can appoint a board to take charge of all the schools in large towns.

The county authorities are to be consulted respecting the foundation of a new school, or the suppression of an old one. The parish clergy, who keep the registers of births, have to furnish the school authorities with a list of all children whose schooling begins at the following Easter; no child is allowed to attain the age of seven without attending school, except in case of sickness or some disabling cause; and every week the schoolmaster is obliged to give the school authorities a list of the children who have been absent without leave, or, who, having absented themselves, have failed to account satisfactorily for so doing; and he furnishes also a list of the number of days which each has been absent. This list is handed to the burgomaster, who forwards it to the parents of the children, and imposes a fine, varying from two krentzers, (two-thirds of a penny,) to twelve krentzers, (eight-pence) for every day of non-attendance.

Schools are built with a view to allow of six square feet for each pupil, and the rooms are ten feet high. The best

modern system of instruction is practised, and the attention of the pupils kept up in a manner adapted to secure real and healthy, not mechanical and useless learning. "If the scholars of one school be of different religious confessions, care is taken that they receive their religious instruction at the same hour. If the school belong exclusively to one confession, but is also attended by children of another confession, the instruction in religion must be fixed in the last hour of attendance, that such as do not participate in it may go home, or wherever religious instruction is provided for them."

In HOLLAND, the first impulse to improved primary instruction was given by some benevolent citizens in Groningen, who, in 1784, founded the "Society of Public Good." They were encouraged in their efforts to train schoolmasters and to improve schools. The French invasion interrupted the good work; but it was afterwards resumed, and as early as 1817, Normal schools were founded at Haarlem and Lier, near Antwerp, in addition to the Groningen institution.

In 1823 the cost of the lower schools was two hundred and forty-two thousand two hundred and forty-six florins, eighty-seven cents, or twenty thousand one hundred and ninety-five pounds and eleven pence.

In 1826 rather more than 9 per cent. of the population attended schools.

In 1828 the State expended forty-one thousand three hundred and seventy-seven pounds ten shillings on education, being an outlay of thirty-six pounds per school.

On the separation of Belgium from the Netherlands the expenditure allowed in Holland was largely increased and amounted to seventy-six thousand three hundred and seventeen pounds raised by two millions four hundred and fifty thousand persons.

The following table will show the state of public education in Holland, in 1846, when about one in eight of the population enjoyed instruction :

H