Both

Châtel, which was established at Paris about fifteen years ago. reformers have united themselves with the revived Order of the Templars; and both have received consecration, as Primate of Gaul and Belgium respectively, at the hands of Palaprat, Grand Master of the order at Paris. It should be observed, however, that some of the errors of the Romish Church the Abbé retains or simply modifies. For instance, he utterly rejects penance from a place among the sacraments; but then he substitutes penitence in its stead; whereas the one, in the Protestant acceptation of the term, is as little of a sacrament as the other."

ART. XXII.-English Surnames. By M. A. Lower.

"ENGLISH Surnames: Essays on Family Nomenclature, Historical, Etymological, and Humorous; with chapters on Rebusses and Canting Arms, the Roll of Battle Abbey, a List of Latinized Surnames," &c. is a curious and entertaining book. Mr. Lower displays knowledge on the subjects mentioned in the title, although he has been much indebted to previous authors, Camden in particular. The work contains not only a general history of the use of surnames in England, but chapters on the different way in which particular names have originated, from those of places, occupations, dignities, offices, personal and mental qualities, &c. The book will be the more acceptable because of the author having taken good care not to exaggerate the importance of his particular pursuit; or to treat his subjects with a great show of learning. In fact, he rather seeks to raise a laugh than to be technical, and to show how he may amuse whilst he gives information; even although this mode of treatment should expose a branch of heraldry to ridicule.

Take first an account of the meaning of " Surname," or 66 Sirename:""SIRNAME differed originally from SURNAME. Mac-Allen, Fitz-Harding, Ap Tudor, and Stephenson, are properly SIR- Or SIRE-names, and are equivalent to the son of Allan, of Harding, of Tudor, of Stephen. Of SURnames, Du Cange says, 'they were at first written, not in a direct line after the Christian name, but above it, between the lines;' and hence they were called in Latin SUPRANOMINA, in Italian SUPRANOME, and in French SUR-NOMS, from which, I suppose, the English term is derived. A SURname is therefore a name superadded to the first or Christian name, to indicate the family to which the individual bearing it belongs, as Edmund Spenser, John Milton, Alexander Pope. Hence it is evident that, although every SIRname is a SURname, every sURname is not a siRname; a distinction which is now scarcely recognized, and the two words are used indiscriminately by our best writers."

The following passage gives the meaning of sundry names; some of them now uncommon, except in books; others to be seen on signs in every street :

"Sutor is the Latin and Old English for shoemaker; Latimer, a writ r of Latin, or, as Camden has it, an interpretour." Chaucer is also said to signify a member of the gentle craft. Leech, the Saxon for physician, ist

still partially retained in some parts of the country. Thwaytes signifies a feller of wood, and Barker is synonymous with tanner.-Jenner is an old form of joiner; Webbe, and Webster, of weaver; and Banister, of Balneator, the keeper of a bath. A Shearman is one who shears worsteds, fustians, &c., an employment known at Norwich by the designation of shermancraft. A Lorimer is a maker of bits for bridles, spurs, &c. There is or was a 'Lorimers' Company' in London. A Pilcher was a maker of pilches, a warm kind of upper garment, the 'great-coat' of the fourteenth century. Hence Chaucer:

'After gret hete cometh cold,

No man cast his pylch away.'

Sanger and Sangster mean singer. An Arkwright was in old times a maker of meal-chests, an article of furniture in every house when families dressed their own flour. A Coker was a maker of charcoal, and a Pargiter a maker of parchment.-Kidder is an obsolete word for huxter, Lavender for laundress (Chaucer), Furner for baker, Hellier for tyler, and Crowther for a player on the crowd, a species of violin. Monger (q. d. a manof-gere) is equivalent to merchant, whence cheese-monger, iron-monger, &c."

Many of our readers may still be as ignorant of the customs of colliers with regard to names, as they were lately in respect of the kind of labour performed by women and children in the mining districts of the country. The colliers, says our author, have often a double set of appellations :—

"But this is nothing to the practice of bearing a double set of names, which, we are assured, prevails among these colliers. Thus a man may at the same time bear the names of John Smith and Thomas Jones, without any intention of concealment; but it must not be imagined that such regular names are in common use. They are a kind of best names, which, like their Sunday clothes, they only use on high days and holidays, as at christenings and marriages. For every-day purposes they use no appellative, except a nick-name, as Nosey, Soiden-mouth, Soaker, or some such elegant designation; and this is employed not by their neighbours alone, but by their wives and children, and even by themselves."

Clergymen, we are informed, have been known to send home a wedding party in despair, after a vain essay to gain from the bride or bridegroom a sound by way of name which any known alphabet had the power of committing to paper.

"A story is told," says Mr. Lower, "of an attorney's clerk who was professionally employed to serve a process on one of these oddly named gentry, whose real name was entered in the instrument with legal accuracy. The clerk, after a great deal of inquiry as to the whereabouts of the party, was about to abandon the search as hopeless, when a young woman, who had witnessed his labours, kindly volunteered to assist him. Oy say, Bollged,' cried she, to the first person they met, does thee know a mon neamed Adam Green?' The bull-head was shaken in token of ignorance. 'Loy-a-bed, dost thou?' Lie-a-bed's opportunities of making acquaintance

Stumpy

had been rather limited, and she could not resolve the difficulty. (a man with a wooden leg), Cowskin, Spindleshanks, Cockeye, and Pigtail, were severally invoked, but in vain; and the querist fell into a brown study, in which she remained for some time. At length, however, her eyes suddenly brightened, and slapping one of her companions on the shoulder, she exclaimed triumphantly, Dash my wig! whoy he means moy feather!' and then turning to the gentleman, she added, Yo should'n ax'd for Ode Blackbird!'"

ART. XXIII.—Autobiography, Reminiscences, and Letters of John Trumbull. New York.

JOHN TRUMBULL not only figured in America during the war of Independence, but composed and produced its history in an unique form for he was its pencil-painter. And yet the memoir gives us but little of the gossip or the fancies which are naturally expected in the lives and habits of artists. The hero of the book, however, was a subject far from being devoid of claims upon our attention. His history brings before the reader political points of deep interest; while it suggests others which admit of important speculation with regard to the future. We not only find in the work the striking passages and different conditions of America during the autobiographer's career, but have our eyes directed to the aspect which the Union at present offers to view, as compared with the state of the country prior to its independence, and also to the probable or possible destinies of the nation hereafter. Trumbull's personal fortunes, again, offer materials for serious consideration. He had great difficulties to struggle against; he was miserably remunerated; and from the very first he took an active and enthusiastic share in the war with the mother-country. He was only nineteen years of age when the conflict commenced; and he at once joined the republican army, with the consent, and patriotic heartening too, which a doating and high-minded parent helped to inspire. "When my mother," he says, 66 was preparing and packing up my linen and clothes for this campaign, she said to me, ' My son, when I recollect the sufferings of your infancy, with your present feebleness of constitution, and anticipate the hardships and dangers to which yon are about to be exposed, I hardly dare to hope that we shall ever meet again; however, in all events, my dear son, I charge you so to conduct yourself, that if ever I do see you again, it may be with the pride and delight of a mother.'

After serving in the army for two years, he threw up his commission on a punctilious point, and devoted himself to the pencil. He visited England, and studied under West; but was at length obliged to leave this country through the intrigues of certain American loyalists. At the termination of the war, and after having been in some measure concerned in army contracts, he stuck to his art, but with continual disappointments and pecuniary embarrassment, the particulars of which cannot be attended to in this short notice. We find, however, some passages in the autobiography which have more than a personal interest, and that are available as extracts. Trumbull made several journeys to France. He was there

during the Reign of Terror, and even fell under the suspicion of the government. His business was not limited to art, but extended to financial and commercial transactions; and therefore he was more exposed than a retired painter would have been. Having applied at the police for a passport to leave Paris and France, he met with delays. He was referred from day to day, and from office to office, until he began to grow alarmed. At length he resolved on trying the influence of M. Talleyrand :—

"I went at once to his office-he was there-and I was immediately admitted to a tête-à-tête interview in his private bureau. He received me with great politeness, and immediately began to talk of the American negotiation, as if I was intimately connected with it. This I denied, assuring him that I had no manner of connexion with it, nor any other knowledge of its progress or state than was common to the public. He next alluded very distinctly to the necessity of the employment of money, to which I replied, Sir, you have been in America, and know the constitution of the United States, probably better than I do. You must know, that the ministers can take no important step that is not prescribed by their instructions, and I can hardly imagine that the government of the United States could have anticipated the necessity of employing money to facilitate this negotiation.' The minister listened to this answer with evident impatience, and exclaimed, (striking the table violently at the same time,) Mais, il le faut, Monsieur.' (But they must, sir.) I endeavoured to keep my countenance, and replied with a smile, That is their affair; I am happy to repeat, that it is no concern of mine.'"

His difficulties and alarm still increasing, he resolved at last to invoke the aid and interest of the celebrated David :—

"The name of David flashed upon my mind. His intimate connexion with Robespierre, in the most horrid period of the Revolution, had hitherto deterred me from making any attempt to renew my former acquaintance with him; but now my situation appeared to be desperate, and he the only person of my acquaintance in France from whom I could flatter myself with any hope of assistance. I therefore went to his apartments in the Louvre, found him at home, was instantly recognized, and very cordially received, although many years had elapsed since we had met. He immediately inquired about my picture of Bunker's Hill, Mr. Müller, and the engraving. I told him that I had been at Stutgard, that the plate was finished to my entire satisfaction, that I had both plate and painting with me, and was on my way to London for the purpose of printing and publication, but found very unexpected difficulty in obtaining a passport to proceed, and asked him if he knew the minister of police, and could give me any assistance. He replied that he did not know the present minister -'but I know his secretary, and that may do as well. Go to your hotel, my friend, get the picture, and return with it. In the meantime, I will change my dress and go with you to the police, et nous verrons, ce tableaulà vaut bien des passeports,' (and we will see-that picture is worth a multitude of passports.) I did so, returned, and he entered the carriage with In our short drive to the office of the police, the conversation turned naturally upon the strange events which had occurred in Paris since our

me.

first acquaintance. True,' said he, 'much blood has been shed, but it would have been well for the republic if five hundred thousand more heads had passed under the guillotine.' I shuddered-and this, thought I, is the only man on earth to whom I can now look for assistance in a case which involves the question of imprisonment or death. We arrived at the police, and, anxious as I was, I could not but be struck with the ludicrous effect produced upon the crowd of clerks, (to whom I was by this time well known,) when they saw me again enter, the Bon Citoyen David leaning familiarly upon my arm-he had broken the tendo Achilles, and was lame of one leg. He asked, in a tone of a master, for the secretary's room; we were shown in, and he immediately entered upon my cause. 'I have known Mr. Trumbull these ten years--I know him to be an American, and opposed to the English in their war. Je vous en réponds; il est bon revolutionnaire tout comme nous autres'—(I answer for him; he is as good a revolutionist as we are,)-horrid encomium from such lips. 'He saw the battle of Bunker's Hill, and has painted a fine picture of it-here it is. Il est grand artiste, et on fait mal de le retenir dans ses occupations actuellement paisibles des arts.' He is a great artist, and it is wrong to interrupt him in his present peaceful occupations of the arts.) This plea from the Sieur David was irresistible; the secretary looked at the painting-admired it-regretted that my character had been so misrepresented and misunderstood-I should have a passport immediately. But, sir, I must first present you to the minister; he will be pleased to be undeceived-to see you and your picture.' We were shown into the minister's room, aud presented to him. The same eulogy from David, the same approbation of the painting, and an immediate order for the passport-the minister adding, with a most courteous smile, 'I am half disposed, however, to use the power which I possess, and to retain in the service of the republic, un artiste de tant de talent,' (an artist of so much talent.) The passport was immediately prepared, and I left the office of police in triumph, returned the most sincere thanks to my friend David, took leave of him and his family, ordered post-horses, and was instantly upon the road for London." But Mr. Trumbull's alarms were not yet over; every spot and citizen of France being affected by the whirlwind of revolution:—

"At St. Denis, the first stage from Paris, I stopped to change horses, and as I drove up to the post-house, I observed that the yard was unusually crowded; and among others, a tall, gaunt, Don Quixotte looking man, in cavalry uniform, with a sabre proportioned to himself, whose glittering steel scabbard clanked upon the pavement, as he stalked up to my carriage, and leaning his arm familiarly upon the door, (the glass was down,) he looked in and said, Le citoyen est seul,-(citizen, you are alone,) -in the quaint laconic language of the day. Comme vous voyez, citoyen,— (as you see, sir,)-was the equally concise reply, while my fears, not fully lulled from the late scenes, whispered to me,-here is a new trap; this man is posted here to intercept me, and examine my papers, in the hope of finding some important communications relative to the negotiation, from the American ministers to Mr. King in London, or to the government in America.