draws offer to Cameron, 163; editorial in Springfield "Journal," 164; offers cabi- net appointments to Gilmer, Hunt, and Scott, 164; letters to W. S. Speer and G. D. Prentiss, 164, 165; correspondence with Alexander H. Stephens, 165, 166; letter to Gilmer, 166; letter to Washburne, 166, 167; writes his inaugural, 167, 168; journey to Washington, 168-174; fare- well address at Springfield, 169; speeches on journey to Washington, 169–171; con- sultation with Judd, 173; night journey to Washington, 173, 174; visits of cere- mony, 179, 180; first inauguration of, 180-182; inaugural address, 180-182; calls council to consider question of Sumter, 182, 183; signs order for relief of Sum- ter, 184; answer to Seward's memoran- dum of April 1, 1861, 187; instructions to Seward, 1865, 187; notice to Governor Pickens, 188; issues call for 75,000 volun- teers, 192; assumes responsibility for war measures, 195; opinion against dispersing Maryland legislature, 198, 199; author- izes Scott to suspend writ of habeas corpus, 199; action in Merryman case, 200; institutes blockade, 205; calls for three years' volunteers, 206; appoints Charles Francis Adams minister to Eng- land, 211; modifies Seward's despatch of May 21, 212; his immense duties, 212, 213; calls council of war, 215; message to Congress, July 4, 1861, 218-220; post- pones decision about slaves, 222, 223; receives news of defeat at Bull Run, 229; letter to Hunter, 235; letter to Frémont, 237,238; letter to Browning, 238-240; sends Cameron to visit Frémont, 242; letter to General Curtis about Frémont, 242, 243; draft of despatch about Trent affair, 247, 248; welcomes McClellan to Washington, 250; orders retirement of General Scott, 253: memorandum to McClellan, 253; his grasp of military problems, 255, 256; memorandum after battle of Bull Run, 256; interest in East Tennessee, 256, 257; personally urges on Congress the construction of railroad in East Tennessee, 257,258; letterto Buell, 258, 259; telegrams and letters to Buell and Halleck, 262-264, 268, 269; places Halleck in command of Department of the Mississippi, 271; calls councils of war, 288, 289; General War Or- der No. 1, 290; Special War Order No. 1, 291; letter to McClellan about plan of campaign, 291; interview with Stanton, 293, 294; interview with McClellan, 295; President's General War Orders No. 2 and No. 3, 295; receives news of fight between Monitor and Merrimac, 296; relieves McClellan from command of all troops except Army of the Potomac, 298; orders McDowell to protect Washington, 299; letter to McClellan, 299, 300; letter to McClellan, 303, 304; visit to General Scott, 306; assigns General Pope to com- mand of Army of Virginia, 306; orders Burnside and Halleck to reinforce Mc-
Clellan, 307; letter to governors of free States, 307, 308; accepts 300,000 new troops, 308; letters to McClellan, 308; visit to Harrison's Landing, 308; appoints Halleck general-in-chief, 309; his dis- passionate calmness in considering Mc- Clellan's conduct, 311; asks McClellan to use his influence with Pope's officers, 313; places McClellan in command of defenses of Washington, 313; orders re- inforcements to McClellan, 316; tele- gram to McClellan, 316; visit to Antietam, 316, 317; directions and letter to Mc-
Clellan, 317-319; removes him from command, 319; letter to Bancroft, 321; reference to slavery in message to Con- gress, December 3, 1861, 321, 322; offers Delaware compensated abolishment, 322, 323; special message of March 6, 1862, proposing joint resolution favoring grad- ual abolishment, 323, 324; letter to Mc- Dougall, 324; interview with delegations from border slave States, 324, 325; signs bill for compensated emancipation in Dis- trict of Columbia, 326; letter to Chase about Hunter's order of emancipation, 327; proclamation revoking Hunter's order, 327, 328; second interview with border State delegations in Congress, 329- 331; conversation with Carpenter about emancipation, 331, 332; reads draft of first emancipation proclamation to cabinet, 331, 332; tells Seward and Welles of his purpose to issue emancipation proclama- tion, 332; letter to Reverdy Johnson, 334 letter to Cuthbert Bullitt, 334, 335; letter to Horace Greeley, 335-337; inter- view with Chicago clergymen, 337-339; issues preliminary emancipation proclama- tion, 339-341; annual message of De- cember 1, 1862, 341, 342; issues final emancipation proclamation, January 1, 1863, 342-346; letter to A. G. Hodges, 346, 347; letters about arming negroes, 350; speech about Fort Pillow massacre, 351, 352; interview with Frederick Doug- lass, 352; letter to Governor Seymour, 356; action in case of Vallandigham, 358, 359; suspends privilege of writ of habeas corpus, 360; attitude toward Knights of the Golden Circle, 361; appoints Burn- side to command Army of the Potomac, 363; telegram to Burnside, and letter to Halleck about Burnside, 365; letter to Burnside, 366; relieves Burnside and ap- points Hooker to succeed him, 366; letter to Hooker, 366-368; criticism on Hooker's plan of campaign, 368; continued belief in Hooker, 370; instructions to Hooker, 370, 371; telegrams to Hooker, 371; ap- points Meade to command Army of the Potomac, 372; urges Meade to active pur- suit of Lee, 375; letter to Meade, 375, 376; Gettysburg address, 376, 377; letter to Grant, 384, 385; orders Rosecrans to advance, 385, 386; note to Halleck, 388; telegram to Rosecrans, 388; orders re- inforcements to Rosecrans, 388; signs
bill making Grant lieutenant-general, 393; address on presenting his commis- sion, 393, 394; letter to Grant, 396; under fire, 403; letter to Sherman, 412, 413; appoints military governors for Ten- nessee, Louisiana, Arkansas, and North Carolina, 419; his theory of "reconstruc- tion," 419; message to Congress, July 4, 1861, 419; letter to Cuthbert Bullitt, 420, 421; circular letter to military governors, 421, 422; letter to Governor Shepley, 422; letter to General Banks, 423; references to reconstruction in message to Congress, December 8, 1863, 424; amnesty procla- mation, December 8, 1863, 424; letter to General Banks, 424, 425; letters to Gen- eral Steele, 427, 428; letters to Johnson, 428, 429; letter to Drake and others, 430-432; revokes Frémont's proclama- tion freeing slaves, 432; letter to General Schofield, 433; directs Stanton to issue order regulating raising of colored troops, 434, 435; letter to H. W. Hoffman, 435, 436; Democrats and Frémont Republicans criticize his action on slavery, 437, 438; relations with his cabinet, 438, 439; atti- tude toward Chase, 439-441, 444; letter to Chase, 441; letter to F. A. Conkling and others, 443; sentiment in favor of his reëlection, 443, 444; letter to Washburne about second term, 444; letters to Gen- eral Schurz, 444, 445; instructions to office- holders, 445; speeches during campaign, 445; renominated for President, 447, 448; refuses to intimate his preference for Vice- President, 448, 449; indorsement on Nicolay's letter, 448, 449; reply to com- mittee of notification, 450; letter accept- ing nomination, 450, 451; his attitude toward the French in Mexico, 451, 452; opposition to, in Congress, 454; Davis's reconstruction bill, 454-456; proclamation of July 8, 1864, 456; ac- cepts Chase's resignation, 457; nominates David Tod to succeed him, 457; substi- tutes name of W. P. Fessenden, 457, 458; correspondence with Greeley, 458- 460; criticized because of Niagara con- ference, 460, 461; draft of letter to C. D. Robinson, 461; indorsement on Jaquess's application to go South, 462; answer to Raymond's proposition, 463; interview with John T. Mills, 464, 465; memoran- dum, August 23, 1864, 466; speech on morning after election, 469, 470; popular and electoral votes for, 470; summing up of results of the election, 470; suggests key-note of Morgan's opening speech be- fore Baltimore convention, 471; message to Congress, December 6, 1864, 471, 472, 476-478; answer to serenade, 474, 475; opinion on ratification of Thirteenth Amendment, 475; two constitutional amendments offered to the people during his administration, 476; gives Blair per- mission to go South, 478; letter to Blair in reply to Jefferson Davis, 481; sends Major Eckert to meet peace commission-
ers, 482; instructions to Seward, 483; instructions to Grant, 483; goes to Fortress Monroe, 484; conference with peace commissioners, 484, 485; pressure upon him to dismiss Montgomery Blair, 487, 489; personal regard for the Blairs, 488; letter to Stanton, 488; lecture to cabinet, 489; requests resignation of Blair, 489; nominates Chase for chief justice, 490, 491; opinion of Chase, 490, 491; offers attor- ney-generalship to Holt and Speed, 491; offers cabinet appointment to Governor Morgan, 492; appoints Hugh McCulloch Secretary of the Treasury, 492; indorse- ments on Usher's resignation, 492; his plans for the future, 492, 493; submits to cabi- net draft of joint resolution offering the South $400,000,000, 493; his second in- auguration, 493-496; the second inaugu- ral, 494-496; letter to Weed, 497: his literary rank, 497; last public address, 498; despatch to Grant, March 3, 1865, 503, 504; at City Point, 506; telegraphs Grant, "Let the thing be pressed," 511; visit to Richmond, 517, 518; interviews with John A. Campbell, 519; gives per- mission for meeting of Virginia legislature, 519; regret of army for, 529; return to Washington, 530; last cabinet meeting, 531, 532; 14th of April, 532, 533, 536-540; danger from assassination, 533, 534; interest in the theater, 536; attends Ford's Theater, 536, 537; death of, 538- 540; his death prevents organized re- joicing at downfall of rebellion, 544; mourning for, 544-548; feeling of radi- cals at death of, 545; funeral ceremonies of, in Washington, 545, 546; funeral journey to Springfield, Illinois, 546, 547; burial at Springfield, 547, 548; his char- acter and career, 549-555; his place in history, 555
Lincoln, Abraham, grandfather of the President, emigrates from Virginia to Ken- tucky, 3, 4; killed by Indians, 4 Lincoln, Edward Baker, son of Presi- dent Lincoln, birth of, 69; death of, 69 Lincoln, Isaac, settles on Holston River, 5 Lincoln, Josiah, uncle of the President, goes to fort for assistance against In- dians, 4
Lincoln, Mary, aunt of the President, 4 Lincoln, Mary Todd, wife of the Presi- dent, engagement to Lincoln, 63, 64; writes "Lost Townships" letters, 66; marriage to Lincoln, November 4, 1842, 68, 69; children of, 69; death of, 69; accom- panies Mr. Lincoln to Washington, 168; drive with her husband, April, 14, 1865, 532; invites friends to attend Ford's Theater, 536; attends theater with her husband, 538; at Lincoln's death-bed, 539 Lincoln, Mordecai, uncle of the Presi
dent, defends homestead against Indians, 4; inherits his father's lands, 4 Lincoln, Nancy, aunt of the President, 4 Lincoln, Nancy Hanks, mother of the
President, marries Thomas Lincoln, June
12, 1866, 5; teaches her husband to sign his name, 5; birth of daughter, 5; birth of Abraham, son of, 6; death of, 9 Lincoln, Robert Todd, son of the Presi- dent, Secretary of War, minister to Eng- land, birth of, 69; public services, 69; accompanies Mr. Lincoln to Washington, 168; on Grant's staff, 517; with his fa- ther, April 14, 1865, 532; at Lincoln's death-bed, 540
Lincoln, Samuel, ancestor of the Presi- dent, emigrates to America, 3 Lincoln, Sarah, sister of the President, born, 5; goes to school, 6 Lincoln, Sarah Bush Johnston. See Johnston, Sarah Bush
Lincoln, Thomas, father of the President,
3; narrowly escapes capture by Indians, 4; learns carpenter's trade, 5; marries Nancy Hanks, June 12, 1806, 5; daugh- ter of, born, 5; removes to Rock Spring Farm, 5, 6; Abraham, son of, born, 6; buys farm on Knob Creek, 6; emigrates to Indiana, 7, 8; death of his wife, 9; mar- ries Sally Bush Johnston, 10; emigrates to Illinois, 20
Lincoln, Thomas, son of President Lin- coln, birth of, 69; death of, 69; accom- panies Mr. Lincoln to Washington, 168 Lincoln, William Wallace, son of Presi- dent Lincoln, birth of, 69; death of, 69, 293; accompanies Mr. Lincoln to Wash- ington, 168
Lloyd, John M., keeps tavern at Sur- rattsville, Maryland, 536 Logan, Stephen T., at Springfield, Illi- nois, 52; law partnership with Lincoln, 70; defeated for Congress, 91 "Long Nine," a power in Illinois legisla-
Longstreet, James, Confederate lieu- tenant-general, besieges Burnside at Knox- ville, 391; retreats toward Virginia, 391; reports conversation with Ord, 503; in final defense of Richmond, 509 Louisiana, State of, military governor ap- pointed for, 419; election for members of Congress, 422; contest over slavery clause in new constitution, 422, 423; election of State officers in, 425, 426; adopts new constitution abolishing slavery, 426; sla- very in, throttled by public opinion, 473; ratifies Thirteenth Amendment, 475 Lovejoy, Elijah P., murder of, 46 Lovell, Mansfield, Confederate major-
general, evacuates New Orleans, 285; sends men and guns to Vicksburg, 286 Lyon, Nathaniel, brigadier-general United States Volunteers, service in Mis- souri, 202-204; killed at Wilson's Creek, 234, 235 Lyons, Richard Bickerton Pemell, baron, afterward earl, British minister at Washington, instructed to demand apol- ogy for Trent affair, 246
McClellan, George B., major-general, general-in-chief, United States army,
orders concerning slaves, 221; commis- sioned by Governor Dennison, 224; his previous career, 224; quick promotion of, 224; successes in western Virginia, 224, 225; ordered to Washington, 229; his ambition, 249-251; organizes Army of the Potomac, 250, 251; his hallucinations, 251, 252; quarrel with General Scott, 251, 252; expresses contempt for the Presi- dent, 252; answer to President's inquiry, 253; illness of, 253; instructions to Buell, 258-260; unwilling to promote Halleck, 270; attends council of war, 289; ex- plains plan of campaign to Stanton, 290; letter to Stanton, 292; revokes Hooker's authority to cross lower Potomac, 294; council of his officers votes in favor of water route, 295; at gathering of officials to discuss news of fight between Monitor and Merrimac, 296; occupies abandoned rebel position, 297; calls council of corps commanders, 298; relieved from command of all troops save Army of the Potomac, 298; arrives at Fortress Monroe, 299; siege of Yorktown, 301; his incapacity and hallucination, 302-304; retreat to James River, 302; letter to Stanton, 303; protests against withdrawal of Army of the Potomac, 309; reaches Alexandria, 311; suggests leaving Pope to his fate, 311; telegram to Pope's officers, 313; in command of defenses of Washington, 313; follows Lee into Maryland, 314; learns Lee's plans, 315; battle of Antietam, 315; forces under his command, 317, 318; re- moved from command, 319; mentioned, 328, 329; adopted by Democrats for presi- dential candidate, 355, 438; nominated for President, 467; letter of acceptance, 468; electoral votes for, 470; resigns from the army, 470
McClernand, John A., member of Con- gress, major-general United States Vol- unteers, at Springfield, Illinois, 52 McCulloch, Ben, Confederate brigadier- general, defeat at Pea Ridge, 271 McCulloch, Hugh, Secretary of the Treasury, enters Lincoln's cabinet, 492 McDougall, James A., member of Con- gress, United Stades senator, at Spring- field, Illinois, 52
McDowell, Irvin, brevet major-general United States army, fears junction of Johnston and Beauregard, 216; advances against Beauregard, 226; battle of Bull Run, July 21, 1861, 226-229; advises movement on Manassas, 289; ordered by Lincoln to protect Washington, 299, 305; ordered to form junction with Shields and Frémont, 306; in Army of Virginia, 310 McLean, John, justice United States Supreme Court, vote for, in Chicago con-
Marshall, Charles, Confederate colonel, present at Lee's surrender, 513 Maryland, State of, secession feeling in, 193; arrest and dispersion of its legisla- ture, 199; refuses offer of compensated abolishment, 434; emancipation party in, 434; abolishes slavery, 435, 436; slavery in, throttled by public opinion, 473; rati- fies Thirteenth Amendment, 474 Mason, James M., United States senator, Confederate commissioner to Europe, in- terview with John Brown, 134; goes to Baltimore, 197; capture of, 246-249 Matthews, J., burns Booth's letter, 537 Maximilian (Ferdinand Maximilian Joseph), Archduke of Austria and Em- of Mexico, established by Napo- peror leon III in Mexico, 451 Maynard, Horace, member of Congress, minister to Turkey, telegram about East Tennessee, 259; elected to Congress,
Meade, George G., major-general United States army, succeeds Hooker in com- mand of Army of the Potomac, 372; battle of Gettysburg, 372-374; pur- suit of Lee, 375, 377; offers to give up command of Army of the Potomac, 394; continued in command, 395; reports sur- render of Richmond, 510; ordered to pur- sue Lee, 510; pursuit of Lee, 511; or- dered to disregard Sherman's truce, 523 Meigs, Montgomery C., brevet major- general and quartermaster-general United States army, at gathering of officials to discuss news of battle between Monitor and Merrimac, 296
Memphis, Tennessee, river battle at, 286 Merrimac, the, Confederate ironclad, bat- tle with Monitor, 278-282 Merryman, John, arrest of, 199 Minnesota, the, Union steam frigate, in fight between Monitor and Merrimac, 280
Missouri, State of, admitted as State, 1821, 19; action concerning secession, 201-204; provisional State government established, 418; struggle over slavery, 430-434; adopts ordinance of emancipation, 434; resolution in Assembly favoring Lincoln's renomination, 444; votes for Grant in Baltimore convention, 447; slavery in, throttled by public opinion, 473
Missouri Compromise, repeal of, 94, 95, Mobile Bay, Alabama, battle of, August 5, 1864, 468, 525
Monitor, the, Union ironclad, battle with Merrimac, 279-282
Montgomery, Alabama, capital of Con- federacy removed from, to Richmond, 207
Moore, Thomas O., governor of Louisi- ana, arms free colored men, 348, 349 Morgan, Edwin D., governor of New York, United States senator, opens Re- publican national convention, 1864, 446; declines cabinet appointment, 492 Morris, Achilles, elected to Illinois legis- ture in 1832, 34
Morrison, James L. D., desires commis- sionership of General Land Office, 92 Mudd, Samuel, assists Booth and Herold, 542; imprisoned, 544 Mulligan, James A., brevet brigadier- general United States Volunteers, cap- tured by Price, 241 Murfreesboro, Tennessee, battle of, De- cember 31, 1862, to January 3, 1863, 380
Napoleon III, colonial ambitions of, 211; establishes Maximilian in Mexico, 451 Nashville, Tennessee, battle of, Decem- cember 15, 16, 1864, 410
Neale, T. M., commands troops in Black Hawk War, 31, 32; defeated for Illinois legislature, 1832, 34
Negro soldiers, experiments with, early in the war, 348; governor of Louisiana arms free blacks, 348, 349; reference to, in emancipation proclamation, 349, 350; Lincoln's interest in, 350; attitude of Con- federates toward, 350, 351; massacre of, at Fort Pillow, 351; President's conver- sation with Frederick Douglass about re- taliation, 352; Stanton's order regulating raising of, 435: Republican national platform claims protection of laws of war for, 446; take part in second inauguration of Lincoln, 493, 494; Jefferson Davis's recommendation concerning slaves in rebel army, 501; assist in restoring order in Richmond, 517; in Lincoln's funeral procession, 546. See Slavery and Emancipation
Nelson, William, lieutenant-commander United States navy, major-general United States Volunteers, occupies Nashville, 270 New Orleans, Louisiana, capture of, 283- 285; Confederate negro regiment in, 348, 349; Union sentiment in, 420 New Salem, Illinois, town of, 22-26 New York City, draft riots in, 356, 357; funeral honors to Lincoln in, 546, 547 Nicolay, John G., Lincoln's private sec- retary, 158; accompanies Mr. Lincoln to Washington, 168; in attendance at Balti- more convention, 448, 449; letter to Hay, 448 North Carolina, State of, joins Confed- eracy, 200, 204; military governor ap- pointed for, 419
Offutt, Denton, engages Lincoln to take flatboat to New Orleans, 21; disappears from New Salem, 35 O'Laughlin, Michael, in conspiracy to assassinate Lincoln, 534; imprisoned, 544 Ord, Edward O. C., brevet major-gen- eral United States army, conversation with Longstreet, 503
Owens, Mary S., Lincoln's attentions to, correspondence with and proposal of marriage to, 55-60
Palfrey, F. W., Confederate brigadier- general, statement about strength of Army of the Potomac, 315
Parke, John G., brevet major-general United States army, in recapture of Fort Stedman, 505, 506; in assault at Peters- burg, 509
Patterson, Robert, major-general Penn- sylvania militia, turns troops toward Harper's Ferry, 209; part in campaign against Manassas, 216; orders concern- ing slaves, 220, 221; failure at Harper's Ferry, 228
Paulding, Hiram, rear-admiral United States navy, burns Norfolk navy-yard, 278
Pea Ridge, Arkansas, battle of, 271 Pemberton, John C., Confederate lieu- tenant-general, surrenders Vicksburg, 383 Pendleton, George H., member of Con- gress, minister to Prussia, nominated for Vice-President, 467
Pendleton, William N., Confederate brigadier-general, advises Lee to sur- render, 512
Perryville, Kentucky, battle of, October 8, 1862, 379
Peter, Z., defeated for Illinois legislature, 1832, 34
Petersburg, Virginia, operations against, 400-402, 507-510; evacuation of, April 2, 1865, 510
Phelps, John S., member of Congress, appointed military governor of Arkansas,
Phelps, J. W., brigadier-general United States Volunteers, mentioned in letter of Lincoln, 334; declared an outlaw by Confederate War Department, 350 Philippi, West Virginia, battle of, June 3, 1861, 214, 225
Phillips, Wendell, letter to Cleveland convention, 442
Pickens, Francis W., member of Con- gress, minister to Russia, governor of South Carolina, fires on Star of the West, 178 Pickett, George E., Confederate major- general, in battle of Five Forks, 507, 508 Pierce, Franklin, fourteenth President of the United States, recognizes bogus laws in Kansas, 113; appoints governors for Kansas, 113, 114
Pillow, Gideon J., Confederate major- general, stationed at Columbus, 254; es- capes from Fort Donelson, 268
Pinkerton, Allen, detective work of, 173 Pittsburg Landing, Tennessee, battle of, April 6, 7, 1862, 272-274 Polk, James K., eleventh President of the United States, sends treaty of peace with Mexico to Senate, 79
Pomeroy, Samuel C., United States senator, secret circular of, 440 Pope, John, brevet major-general United States army, sent to New Madrid, 270; capture of Island No. 10, 274; proceeds to Fort Pillow, 274; joins Halleck, 274; assigned to command Army of Virginia, 306; assumes command of Army of Vir- ginia, 310; second battle of Bull Run, 310, 311; despatch announcing his defeat, 312; relieved from command of Army of the Potomac, 314
Porter, David D, admiral United States navy, commands mortar flotilla in expe- dition with Farragut, 282-287; in second expedition to Vicksburg, 287; in opera- tions about Vicksburg, 382, 383; visits Richmond with Lincoln, 517, 518 Porterfield, G. A., Confederate colonel, routed at Philippi, 225
Port Hudson, Louisiana, siege and sur- render of, 383, 384
Port Royal, South Carolina, expedition against, 245, 246
Powell, Lewis, alias Lewis Payne, in conspiracy to assassinate Lincoln, 534; assigned to murder Seward, 535; attack upon Seward, 540, 541; escape and cap- ture of, 541, 542; execution of, 544 Price, Sterling, Confederate major-gen- eral, retreat to Springfield, Missouri, 234; captures Mulligan, 241; retreats toward Arkansas, 269; defeat at Pea Ridge, 271 Pritchard, Benjamin D., brevet briga- dier-general United States Volunteers, captures Jefferson Davis, 526
Quinton, R., defeated for Illinois legisla- ture, 1832, 34
Rathbone, Henry R., brevet colonel United States army, attends Ford's The- ater with Mrs. Lincoln and Miss Harris, 536; wounded by Booth, 538, 539 Raymond, Henry J., member of Con- gress, letter to Lincoln, 462, 463; visits Washington, 463
Reconstruction, in West Virginia and Missouri, 418, 419; Lincoln's theory of, 419; in Louisiana, 420-426; in Arkansas, 426, 427; in Tennessee, 428, 429; oppo- sition in Congress to Lincoln's action concerning, 454; Henry Winter Davis's bill prescribing method of, 454; Lincoln's proclamation of, July 8, 1864, 456; Wade- Davis manifesto, 456, 457 Republican Party, formation of, 102, 103; nominates Frémont and Dayton, 1856, 103, 104; national convention of, 1860, 144-151; candidates in 1860, 152; cam- paign of, 1860, 153-160; Frémont faction denounces Lincoln's attitude on slavery,
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