to our great injury & jeopardize the safety of Neworleans & our slaves should he do this act of folly, his political star sets forever." (Oct., 1843.)

These are the ideas of constant repetition, the slave consideration being foremost in importance.1

"If possible this treaty [of March, 1844] ought not be known of until it is sent to the senate If it is, that wicked & reckless old man John Q. Adams, will write hundreds of memorials & send them over the whole country to get signers - and all the abolitionists & many more will sign them I hope the senate will act so promptly, that before he can get his memorials & petitions distributed & signed & returned to congress the treaty will be ratified.”

In 1843 a public letter was obtained from him favoring the annexation of Texas. This letter was evidently prepared for him after the fashion of Lewis. It was held back for a year, and then published with a false date.

So Jackson was used

ruin his friend Van

by the annexation clique to Buren. The party, which he and Van Buren had consolidated, passed, by the Texas intrigue, away from Van Buren and under the control of the slavery wing of it. The last-mentioned letter of Jackson brought him again into collision with Adams, for in it Jackson repeated his former assertions that he had always disapproved of the treaty of 1819, and of the boundary of the Sabine. Adams produced the entries in his "Diary" as

1 See a letter from Jackson, reiterating the same ideas, published in the N. Y. Times, June 16, 1897.

proof to the contrary. The passage from the Diary1 shows that Jackson thought that the boundary ought to be the Rio Grande, but that he consented to the Sabine as the best which could be got. He remembered the former position; Adams insisted on the second. Jackson also made use of Erving's statements to him, in 1829,2 as foundation for a charge which his agents pushed with great energy, in 1844, that Adams had given away his country's interests in 1819.3 Adams was able to show that Erving's statements had been misunderstood or were incorrect.

As the election of 1844 approached, Jackson became more and more interested in it. He wrote to Lewis, September 12, 1843:

"If the Madisonian had left Mr. Tyler to be judged of by his acts, he would have met with a much better support from the Democracy - but the people believe, that these papers are trying to raise a third party under the name of Tyler, not for his benefit, but for M2 Calhouns, and you now see the meetings begin to shew their choice to be Van Buren, and this will increase until the Baltimore convention settle the question, and that will be on Van Buren mark this prophesy This diffidence of our friend Cass, was ill timed, & very injudicious, and for the present, has done him, in Ohio, a great political injury and the attack of the Calhoun papers on V. B. has done Calhoun a greater injury and united the Democracy upon V. B. —'

1 Cited above, page 84.
8 12 Adams, 93, 101, 123.

2 See page 415.

sor.

When, however, Van Buren flinched on annexation, Jackson abandoned him. Letters signed by him, favoring Polk, were constantly circulated through the newspapers. Probably he was mortified that Clay carried Tennessee, although by only 113 majority in a vote of 120,000. His share in this campaign was his last public activity. He died June 8, 1845. He had had honors beyond anything which his own heart had ever coveted. His successes had outrun his ambition. He had held more power than any other American had ever possessed. He had named his succesHe had been idolized by the great majority of his countrymen, and had been surfeited with adulation. He had been thwarted in hardly anything on which he had set his heart. He had had his desire upon all his enemies. He lived to see Clay defeated again, and to help to bring it about. He saw Calhoun retire in despair and disgust. He saw the Bank in ruins; Biddle arraigned on a criminal charge, and then dead brokenhearted. In his last years he joined the church, and, on that occasion, under the exhortations of his spiritual adviser, he professed to forgive all his enemies in a body, although it is otherwise asserted that he excepted those who had slandered his wife. It does not appear that he ever repented of anything, ever thought that he had been in the wrong in anything, or ever forgave an enemy as a specific

individual.

FULL TITLES OF BOOKS REFERRED TO IN THIS VOLUME, IN THE ALPHABETICAL ORDER OF THE SHORTER DESIGNATIONS BY WHICH THEY HAVE BEEN CITED.

Adams: Memoirs of John Quincy Adams, Comprising Portions
of his Diary from 1795 to 1848; edited by Charles Francis
Adams. 12 vols. Lippincott: Philadelphia, 1876.
Adams's Life and Works: Works of John Adams, with a Life
and Notes by Charles Francis Adams. Boston, 1856.
Alison: Dropped Stitches in Tennessee History.
American Annual Register for 1796. Philadelphia.
American Register. 7 vols. 1806-1810. Conrad: Philadelphia.
American Whig Review.

Annual Register: The American Annual Register. 8 vols.
[numbered for the purposes of the present work as follows]:
I. 1825-6; II. 1826-7; III. 1827-8-9, Part I.; IV. 1827-8-9,
Part II.;
V. 1829-30; VI. 1830-1; VII. 1831-2; VIII.
1832-3.

Aristokratie in America, aus dem Tagebuch eines deutschen Edelmanns, herausgegeben von F. T. Grund. 2 vols. Stuttgart, 1839.

Benton: Thirty Years' View; or, A History of the Working of the American Government for Thirty Years, from 1820 to 1850; by a Senator of Thirty Years [Thomas H. Benton]. 2 vols. Appleton: New York, 1854.

Binns: Recollections of the Life of John Binns; written by himself. Philadelphia, 1854.

Bourne The History of the Surplus Revenue of 1837; by E. G. Bourne. New York, 1885.

Bradley: Biography of Isaac Hill [C. P. Bradley]. Concord, 1835.

Butler: A History of the Commonwealth of Kentucky; by Mann Butler. Louisville, 1834.

Brothers: The United States of North America as They Are, Not as they are Generally Described: Being a Cure for Radicalism; by Thomas Brothers. Longman & Co. London, 1840. Byrdsall: The History of the Loco-Foco or Equal Rights Party; by F. Byrdsall. Clement & Packard: New York, 1842. Cable: A History of New Orleans in 10th Census, Social Statistics II.

Carey's Letters: Nine Letters to Dr. Adam Seybert; by Matthew Carey. Author: Philadelphia, 1810.

Carey's Olive Branch: The Olive Branch; or, Faults on Both Sides, Federal and Democratic; by Matthew Carey. Author: Philadelphia, 1818. (10th Edition.)

Chevalier Society, Manners, and Politics in the United States: Being a Series of Letters on North America; by Michael Chevalier (translated). Weeks, Jordan & Co: Boston, 1839. Cobb Leisure Labors; or, Miscellanies, Historical, Literary, and Political; by Joseph B. Cobb. Appleton: New York, 1858.. Cobbett's Jackson: Life of Andrew Jackson; by William Cobbett. Harpers: New York, 1834.

Collins Historical Sketches of Kentucky; by Lewis Collins. Cincinnati, 1847.

Colton's Clay: The Life and Times of Henry Clay; by C. Colton. 2 vols. Barnes: New York, 1846.

Curtis's Webster: Life of Daniel Webster; by George Ticknor Curtis. 2 vols. Appleton: New York, 1870.

Curtis's Buchanan: Life of James Buchanan; by G. T. Curtis. 2 vols. New York, 1883.

Documents Relating to New England Federalism, 1800 to 1815; edited by Henry Adams. Little, Brown & Co.: Boston, 1877. Document A. 15th Congress, 2d Session, Reports, No. 100. Document B. 22d Congress, 1st Session, 4 Reports, No. 460. Document C. 22d Congress, 1st Session, 2 Reports, No. 283. Document D. 22d Congress, 2d Session, 1 Exec. Docs. No. 9. Document E. 22d Congress, 2d Session, Reports, No. 121. Document F. 23d Congress, 1st Session, 1 Senate Docs. No. 17. Document G. 23d Congress, 1st Session, 1 Senate Docs. No. 2. Document H. 23d Congress, 1st Session, 1 Senate Docs. No. 16. Document I. 23d Congress, 2d Session, 1 Senate Docs. No. 17. Document J. 23d Congress, 2d Session, 1 Exec. Docs. No. 9.