or unconstitutionally incurred, who dare affirm that the people will not, in some moment of desperate impatience under the crushing load, throw the whole burthen from their shoulders? The fool or the fanatic may shut his eyes and all is right! but the wise say and prudent man will calmly question history and the passions of men, and endeavor, by the past, to form a judgment of the future.

their own persons or those of their ancestors, to be in any degree responsible for this reckless, unnecessary, and unconstitutional expenditure, are to be charged in perpetuity with a burden, not to be levied on any property presumed to have been benefited or protected by that expenditure, but on their muscles, brains, and sinews, generation after generation.

The theory of the Administration is

How much of this debt was stolen from the Treasury, by the party who saddled us with it? Is it a Constitutional expenditure of the people's money to buy negroes from the border States, and set them loose to compete with us in all the labor markets of our country?

Is it Constitutional to take our money to send squads of negro-kissing men and women from Yankeedom, to teach antiquated darkeys in the Carolinas how to read the New England primmer?

Is it Constitutional to spend the people's money in annually transporting a partisan portion of the army to and from the battle field, to control the northern elections?

The partisan knave will profess to sniff "treason" in these questions; but the wise man and patriot will regard them as being likely to some day influence the minds and actions of the people. Those who blindly throw themselves on the national faith and the point of honor, for burdening labor with enormous, unbearable contributions, and transmitting that burden unquestioned to posterity, are neither patriots nor statesmen. The working classes, who cannot be held, either in

of the nation are mortgaged for the redemption of its paper promises to pay. It seems to be oblivious of the fact that all this property is in the hands of individuals, or depends upon the result of individual enterprise. Behind all this sits the individual will, on which depends entirely the question of the redemption of Mr. Lincoln's paper promises to pay. We have seen that the whole surplus income of the country will fall a good way short of paying even the interest on the debt, and we must sink interest and principal together, at no distant day, unless a change speedily comes over the dream of the Administration. That change is not to be hoped for. As well look for life in the dead as to expect wisdom in this Administration. Must the country, then, abandon the last hope of escape from financial ruin? It seems inevitable. But there is a redeeming star shining in this night of finance. The day that breaks the paper bubble of the Administration, will also stop the useless, the horrible shedding of the blood of our countrymen ! The moon sheds its bright beams upon the gloomy vault of the grave-yardso the star of Peace shines above the dark gulf of bankruptcy.

THE restoration of the Union is what everybody wants, or professes to want, but, most unfortunately, a vast proportion of the people do not know what the Union is, or was, and probably a still larger portion wholly, and indeed fatally, mistake the means for accomplishing that most important and desirable object. The Union formed in 1788 was a great and benificent fact in history, second only to the great fact of the Declaration of Independence in 1776, and though not a necessary result of the latter, it had a logical and legitimate relation to it, and may be said to have enlarged and completed all its benificent promises. It existed over eighty years, and though in a positive sense cannot be said to be the cause of the wonderful progress and prosperity of the American people, it is pretty certain that without it this progress, &c., would not have been pos

sible.

During all these eighty odd years, and though the country was sorely tested by three years of war with the greatest power of modern times, and though the violence of faction frequently threatened the public peace, and though the boundaries of the Union were extended further than those of the Roman Republic by five hundred years of warfare, not one drop of blood was shed to defend the Government, nor was there a single conviction for treason against the Union. This domestic power, boundless prosperity, and stupendous extension of empire, has no parallel in human annals, and when compared with the domestic dis

cord, wars, revolutions and miseries of all other people, it is not to be wondered at that the "Union" should become a species of religion with Americans. And it should also excite every honest man in the North to ask himself the startling question, why has this Union, or this term Union, suddenly become a word of hate and loathing in nearly one half the country, and among millions of American people. An answer to this sad and terrible question will be attempted in this paper, together with a brief consideration of the processes of restoration, for the virtual restoration of the Union as it was created in 1788, and always administered until Mr. Lincoln's election, is a necessity of the American people, and must continue to be so for many generations to come, if not indeed for all coming time.

But, first of all, we must determine what the "Union" was, there being in truth as wide a difference of opinion on this point in the North as there is between North and South. The "Union" is the creature or result of the Constitution, and can no more exist otherwise than can the animal body without the principle of life; but men differ widely in their construction of the Constitution, and therefore we must appeal to great historic facts in order to determine what the Union of 1788 When the war with the really was. mother country ended, there were thirteen independent and sovereign communities or States, for such they were recognized in the treaty of peace by George the Third. These States were

united against the common foe, on the basis of certain articles of confederation; but when the pressure of war was removed, it was found that the Union was defective, and it was proposed to create a new one, which was accomplished in 1788, and the present Constitution and Union were adopted by them, and finally by all the thirteen original States.

The essential objects of this Union were external defense and the regula tion of commerce among the States, while all questions of local interest, and the duties of citizenship, were retained by the States. Certain powers were delegated to the Federal agency, and in regard to these the Government was supreme; but it had no other powers, or sources of power, whatever, for everything else was withheld by the States, or the people of the States. Rome, as the French Republic of our day, failed to secure liberty with order, for there being no local checks on the Government, centralism swallowed up popular liberty, and millions of people found themselves the abject slaves of the man or the faction that got the. governmental machine in their hands. But here was a delegate Government, a Government that had no right to exist a moment, save in the exercise of its delegated powers, all of which were plainly defined in a written Constitution, and should it attempt to exercise any power not thus given it, why no one was called on to submit to its despotism, any more than he was bound to submit to the Government of England, or that of any foreign nation.

The States having delegated certain attributes of sovereignty to the central, or confederate Government, it

was believed they would jealously guard their people from encroachments by the delegated powers, and thus, while securing all the vigor and concentration of centralism, popular liberty, as well as order, would be secured to the whole American people. And this system-in one aspect a nåtion, and in another a mere confederation of sovereign States-worked well in practice, and though certain States, or rather certain classes of citizens, have at times perverted it into an instrument for their benefit, at the expense of the great agricultural and producing classes, it accomplished the object of its founders, and for nearly a century liberty and order have marched hand in hand together. This then was the " Union"-a union of thirteen sovereign communities for certain specified purposes, all of which were clearly defined in a written Constitution, and beyond which, or outside of which, those administering it for the time being have no more right to exercise power of any kind over the people of these States, or any of these States, than a King of England, of China, or any other foreign power. It was adopted and ratified by the sovereign communities whose delegates had created it, and designed to be perpetual; but if the grand doctrine of the Declaration of '76 be true, (and who dares to question it?) that sovereignty is inalienable, it follows, of course, that these delegated powers may be revoked, and the sovereign communities that made. may unmake the "Union," as far as they are concerned. The assumption of the opposite doctrine, or that the States alienated instead of delegated their sovereignty in 1788, contradicts all the facts of history, surrenders the

great principle vindicated and glorified in 1776, and leads straight to despotism, for if the thing created becomes supreme over its creators, there is nothing for it but to go back to the old European idea of the "divine right of kings."

This Union was made by the white people of these States, as declared in the preamble to the Constitution to secure the blessing of liberty for themselves and their posterity, and so long as it was administered in this spirit, and for the common good, it would, of course, secure its own perpetuity, for there could be no sufficient motive to induce its disruption or dismemberment. But the enemies of Democracy in Europe, at a very early day, originated a scheme which, in the process of time, they confidently predicted would destroy the Union of these States, and, moreover, demoralize and break down our Democratic institutions. There are thirty millions of white men, twelve millions of negroes, and about the same number of Indians, or aborigines, on this continent and adjacent islands. If, ignoring the natural distinctions that separate these races, the white men of this continent could be forced or debauched into "impartial freedom" with the subordinate races, and all were amalgamated together in the same system, it would seem obvious that Union, Republican institutions, and finally civilization and Christianity, would all go down together, and the distinctions of nature debauched and lost sight of, the old European system of the artificial distinctions of class would be the final result of "the great American experiment" of selfgovernment.

Thus, the monarchists of the old

world, especially of England, originated the "anti-slavery enterprise," and which, under the mask of philanthropy, has corrupted and broken down the natural distinctions of race everywhere on this continent, outside of these States. And some ten years ago a party was organized in the North for the sole purpose of getting possession of the common Government of the States, and perverting it from an in strument of common good into a machine for completing the European scheme for the debauchment and destruction of Republican institutions. This party, combining together eighteen States, elected Mr.Lincoln in 1860, according to the legal and outward form of the Constitution, though against the will and wishes of twothirds of the American people. This combination of certain States against certain other States of the American Union, and on a principle-" impartial freedom"-that, practically carried into effect, involved the utter destruction of society in the latter, is the most astounding anomaly in the history of mankind, for, while preserving the forms of Union, it was in substance the most absolute disunion possible, and while acting within legal formulas, it aimed at a revolution, wider, deeper, and deadlier than any the world has ever yet witnessed.

The "Union" was created for the common good of all the sovereign communities that were parties to it, but here, a majority of the States composing it, took possession of it with the avowed design of transforming it into an instrument of evil to the minority. Furthermore, not only did they demand submission from those who, in the nature of the case, must abandon self.

government if they did submit, but do so while these ruling States carried out their policy, and mongrelized, or rather destroyed society, by "impartial freedom" with negroes.

A northern political party, organized on the basis of "impartial freedom" with negroes, was the tool, creature, or victim, of those enemies of Republicanism in Europe, who originated this "idea" for the destruction of the Union, and therefore, when it combined together a majority of these States, and took possession of the Government for the avowed purpose of ac complishing this object, then the Union -the Constitutional Union of these States-the Union we have so long lived under, and which was such a universal good to all the States, and all sections, was, of necessity, overthrown, or, at all events, suspended. This would seem entirely clear, for, if we can suppose submission of the socalled slave States to the States that voted for Mr. Lincoln, and the final success of "impartial freedom," would this rule of certain States, and this monstrous revolution that amalgamated four millions of negroes in our system, be the Union, or have any resemblance whatever to the grand old Union of our fathers? On the contrary, would it not be the rule of a northern oligarchy, and worse, a million times worse, a mongrel Republic, instead of the Republic of Washing ton? Such was the belief of the seven States most deeply threatened by this northern revolution, and, as they declared, to save self-government as well as society, they formally recalled those powers delegated to the central Government, and which, instead of being used for their benefit, it was boldly

proclaimed would be wielded for their destruction.

True, the sectional, or "anti-slavery" party believed that they understood what was best for the people of the South, and though from Mr Lincoln down to Garrison, there was not one of their leaders that would not prefer death to living out in practice his own theory, they doubtless were honest in their belief that usurping the central Government by a sectional vote, and wielding it as an instrument for the "ultimate extinction" of all distinctions between whites and negroes, would be a vast benefit to the people of the seceding States. The resolutions of 1798, drawn up by Mr. Madison, who also drafted the Constitution, declare that each State, or cach of the parties to that compact, must be the judge, both of its infractions and of the mode or manner of redress, and if Mississippi were a better judge of her own interests, wants or safety, than Massachusetts could be, or could govern herself better than the latter could, and moreover, if it were better that Jefferson Davis respected the natural distinctions separating them, rather than amalgamate his negroes with his children, then it would seem clear enough that both as a question of legal right, as well as self-preservatian, Mississippi, or the people of Mississippi, must be the judges, and the sole judges, of their own affairs. But be this as it may, they revoked the powers delegated to the central Government, and for the time being gave up all the benefits of the Union, rather than permit these powers to be wielded for their ruin. But though the Constitutional Union was suspended as regards these States, it did not follow that it was