Part 5. ANTI-SLAVERY AGITATION. CHAPTER IV. RETROSPECTION AND REFLECTION. 1825-1850. PAGE The Security of the Institution of Slavery at the South. - The Right to hold Slaves questioned. Rapid Increase of the Slave Population. Anti-slavery Specches in the Legislature of Virginia. The Quakers of Maryland and Delaware emancipate their Slaves. The Evil Effect of Slavery upon Society. - The Conscience and Heart of the South did not respond to the Voice of Reason or the Dictates of Humanity. - CHAPTER V. ANTI-SLAVERY METHODS. • 31 The Antiquity of Anti-slavery Sentiment. Benjamin Lundy's Opposition to Slavery in the South and at the North. - He establishes the "Genius of Universal Emancipation." His Great Sacrifices and Marvellous Work in the Cause of Emancipation. — William Lloyd Garrison edits a Paper at Bennington, Vermont. He pens a Petition to Congress for the Abolition of Slavery in the District of Columbia. - Garrison the Peerless Leader of the Anti-slavery Agitation. - Extract from a Speech delivered by Daniel O'Connell at Cork, Ireland. - Increase of Anti-slavery Societies in the Country. Charles Sumner delivers a Speech on the "Anti-slavery Duties of the Whig Party.". Marked Events of 1846. — Sumner the Leader of the Political Abolition Party. - Heterodox Anti-slavery Party. Its Sentiments. Horace Greeley the Leader of the Economic Anti-slavery Party. - The Aggressive Anti-slavery Party. Its Leaders. -The Colonization Anti-slavery Society. - American Colonization Society. - Manumitted Negroes colonizeon the West Coast of Africa.- A Bill establishing a Line of Mail Steamers to the Coast of Africa. It provides for the Suppression of the Slave-trade, the Promotion of Commerce, and the Colonization of Free Negroes. Extracts from the Press warmly urging the Passage of the Bill. The Underground Railroad Organization. - Its Efficiency in freeing Slaves. - Anti-Slavery Literature. - It exposes the True Character of Slavery. "Uncle Tom's Cabin," by Harriet Beecher Stowe, pleaded the Cause of the Slave in Twenty Different Languages. The Influence of "Impending Crisis." Intelligent Interest of Free Negroes in the Agitation Movement. -"First Annual Convention of the People of Color" held at Philadelphia. — Report of the Committee on the Establishment of a College for Young Men of Color. - Provisional Committee appointed in each City. · Conventional Address. - Second Convention held at Benezet Hall, Philadelphia. Resolutions of the Meeting. Conventional Address. The Massachusetts General Colored Association.- Convention of Anti-slavery Women of America at New York. - Prejudice against admitting Negroes into White Societies. Colored Orators. Their Eloquent Pleas for their Enslaved Race • 37 61 CHAPTER VII. NEGRO INSURRECTIONS. The Negro not so Docile as supposed. - The Reason why he was kept in Bondage. · Insurrection of Slaves. Gen. Gabriel as a Leader. Negro Insurrection planned in South Carolina. - Evils of, revealed The "Nat. Turner" Insurrection in South Hampton County, Virginia. - The Whites arm themselves to repel the Insurrectionists. Capture and Trial of " Nat. Turner." His Execution. Effect of the Insurrection upon Slaves and Slave-holders 82 PAGE The Spanish Slaver “Amistad" sails from Havana, Cuba, for Porto Principe. - Fifty-four Native Africans on Board. Joseph Cinquez, the Son of an African Prince. — The "Amistad❞ captured and taken into New London, Conn. — Trial and Release of the Slaves. Tour through the United States. — Return to their Native Country in Company with Missionaries. - The Anti-slavery Cause benefited by their Stay in the United States. - Their Appreciation of Christian Civilization 93 Part 6. THE PERIOD OF PREPARATION. CHAPTER IX. NORTHERN SYMPATHY AND SOUTHERN SUBTERFUGES. 1850-1860. Violent Treatment of Anti-slavery Orators. The South misinterprets the Mobocratic Spirit of the North. The "Garrisonians" and "Calhounites.". - Slave Population of 18301850. The Thirty-first Congress. - Motion for the Admission of New Mexico and California. - The Democratic and Whig Parties on the Treatment of the Slave Question. Convention of the Democratic Party at Baltimore, Maryland. - Nomination of Franklin Pierce for President. Whig Party Convention. Nomination of Gen. Winfield Scott - A Bill in for the Presidency by the Whigs. Mr. Pierce elected President in 1853. troduced to repeal the " Missouri Compromise." -Speech by Stephen A. Douglass. Mr. Chase's Reply. An Act to organize the Territories of Kansas and Nebraska. State Militia in the South make Preparations for War. - President Buchanan in Sympathy with the South . 97 THE BLACK LAWS" OF BORDER STATES." Stringent Laws enacted against Free Negroes and Mulattoes. Fugitive-slave Law respected in Ohio. A Law to prevent Kidnapping.. The First Constitution of Ohio. the Dred Scott case. - Judge Taney's Opinion in this Case. - Ohio Constitution of 1851 denied Free Negroes the Right to vote. The Establishment of Colored Schools. - Law in Indiana Territory in Reference to Executions. — - An Act for the Introduction of Negroes and Mulattoes into the Territory. - First Constitution of Indiana. - The Illinois Constitution of 1818. - Criminal Code enacted. Illinois Legislature passes an Act to prevent the Emigration of Free Negroes into the State. - Free Negroes of the Northern States endure Restriction and Proscription Nominal Rights of Free Negroes in the Slave States. - Fugitive Slaves seek Refuge in Canada. - Negroes petition against Taxation without Representation.- A Law preventing Negroes from other States from settling in Massachusetts. -Notice to Blacks, Indians, and Mulattoes, warning them to leave the Commonwealth. - The Rights and Privileges of the Negro restricted. - Colored Men turn their Attention to the Education of their own Race. John V. De Grasse, the first Colored Man admitted to the Massachusetts Medical Society. Prominent Colored Men of New York and Philadelphia. - The Organization of the African Methodist Episcopal and Colored Baptist Churches. - Colored Men distinguish themselves in the Pulpit. Report to the Ohio Anti-slavery Society of Colored PAGB People in Cincinnati in 1835. — Many purchase their Freedom. - Henry Boyd, the Mechanic and Builder. He becomes a Successful Manufacturer in Cincinnati. - Samuel T. Wilcox, the Grocer. His Success in Business in Cincinnati. — Ball & Thomas, the Photographers. - Colored People of Cincinnati evince a Desire to take Care of themselves. - Lydia P. Mott establishes a Home for Colored Orphans. - The Organization effected in 1844. -Its Success. Formation of a Colored Military Company called "The Attucks Guards."- Emigration of Negroes to Liberia. - The Colored People live down much Prejudice. - 125 CHAPTER XII. NEGRO SCHOOL LAWS. 1619-1860. The Possibilities of the Human Intellect. - Ignorance Favorable to Slavery. An Act by the Legislature of Alabama imposing a Penalty on any one instructing a Colored Person.Educational Privileges of the Creoles in the City of Mobile. - Prejudice against Colored Schools in Connecticut. - The Attempt of Miss Prudence Crandall to admit Colored Girls into her School at Canterbury. - The Indignation of the Citizens at this Attempt to mix the Races in Education. - The Legislature of Connecticut passes a Law abolishing the School. -The Building assaulted by a Mob. — Miss Crandall arrested and imprisoned for teaching Colored Children against the Law. - Great Excitement. - The Law finally repealed. An Act by the Legislature of Delaware taxing Persons who brought into, or sold Slaves out of, the State. - Under Act of 1829 Money received for the Sale of Slaves in Florida was added to the School Fund in that State. - Georgia prohibits the Education of Colored Persons under Heavy Penalty.-Illinois establishes Separate Schools for Colored Children. The "Free Mission Institute" at Quincy, Illinois, destroyed by a Missouri Mob. Numerous and Cruel Slave Laws in Kentucky retard the Education of the Negroes. An Act passed in Louisiana preventing the Negroes in any Way from being instructed. Maine gives Equal School Privileges to Whites and Blacks. - St. Francis Academy for Colored Girls founded in Baltimore in 1831. -The Wells Schocl. - The First School for Colored Children established in Boston by Intelligent Colored Men in 1798. — A School-house for the Colored Children built and paid for out of a Fund left by Abiel Smith for that Purpose. -John B. Russworm one of the Teachers and afterward Governor of the Colony of Cape Palmas, Liberia. - First Primary School for Colored Children established in 1820. - Missouri passes Stringent Laws against the Instruction of Negrocs. New York provides for the Education of Negroes. Elias Neau opens a School in New York City for Negro Slaves in 1704.-"New York African Free School" in 1786. Visit of Lafayette to the African Schools in 1824.-Ilis Address. - Public Schools for Colored Children in New York. - Colored Schools in Ohio. -"Cincinnati High School for Colored Youths founded in 1844.-Oberlin College opens its Doors to Colored Students. - The Establishment of Colored Schools in Pennsylvania by Anthony Benczet in 1750.- His Will." Institute for Colored Youths" established in 1837. — 'Avery College," at Allegheny City, Pennsylvania, founded in 1849. - Ashmun Institute, or Lincoln University, founded in October, 1856. -South Carolina takes Definite Action against the Education or Promotion of the Colored Race in 1800-1803-1834. - Tennessee makes no Discrimination against Color in the School Law of 1840. - Little Opportunity afforded in Virginia for the Colored Man to be enlightened. - Stringent Laws enacted. — History of Schools for the Colored Population in the District of Columbia CHAPTER XIII. JOHN BROWN-HERO AND MARTYR. John Brown's Appearance in Kansas. He denounces Slavery in a Political Meeting at Osawatomie. Mrs. Stearns's Personal Recollection of John Brown. - Kansas infested by Border Ruffians. - The Battle of Harper's Ferry. - The Defeat and Capture of Captain John Brown. His Last Letter written to Mrs. Stearns. - His Trial and Execution. Influence upon the Anti-slavery Question at the North. His Place in History . . 17 His 214 Part 7. THE NEGRO IN THE WAR FOR THE UNION. CHAPTER XIV. DEFINITION OF THE WAR ISSUE. PAGB Increase of Slave Population in Slave-holding States from 1850-1860. - Products of Slave Labor.- Basis of Southern Representation. -Six Seceding States organize a New Government. Constitution of the Confederate Government. - Speech by Alexander H. Stephens. Mr. Lincoln in Favor of Gradual Emancipation. He is elected President of the United States. - The Issue of the War between the States CHAPTER XV. 66 A WHITE MAN'S WAR." The First Call for Troops. - Rendition of Fugitive Slaves by the Army. Col. Tyler's Address to the People of Virginia. General Isaac R. Sherwood's Account of an Attempt to secure a Fugitive Slave in his Charge.-Col. Steedman refuses to have his Camp searched for Fugitive Slaves by Order from Gen. Fry. - Letter from Gen. Buell in Defence of the Rebels in the South.-Orders issued by Generals Hooker, Williams, and Others, in Regard to harboring Fugitive Slaves in Union Camps. - Observation Concerning Slavery from the "Army of the Potomac." - Gen. Butler's Letter to Gen. Winfield Scott. It is answered by the Secretary of War. - Horace Greeley's Letter to the President. President Lincoln's Reply.-Gen. John C. Fremont, Commander of the Union Army in Missouri, issues a Proclamation emancipating Slaves in his District. -It is disapproved by the President. Emancipation Proclamation by Gen. Hunter. It is rescinded by the President. - Slavery and Union joined in a Desperate Struggle. CHAPTER XVI. THE NEGRO ON FATIGUE DUTY. Negroes employed as Teamsters and in the Quartermaster's Department. - Rebel General Mercer's Order to the Slave-holders issued from Savannah. He receives Orders from the Secretary of War to impress a Number of Negroes to build Fortifications. - The Negro proves himself Industrious and earns Promotion CHAPTER XVII. THE EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATIONS. 328 . 24 .260 Congress passes an Act to confiscate Property used for Insurrectionary Purposes. A Fruitless Appeal to the President to issue an Emancipation Proclamation. He thinks the Time not yet come for such an Action, but within a Few Weeks changes his Opinion and issues an Emancipation Proclamation, - The Rebels show no Disposition to accept the Mild Terms of the Proclamation. - Mr. Davis gives Attention to the Proclamation in his Third Annual Message. - Second Emancipation Proclamation issued by President Lincoln January 1, 1863. — The Proclamation imparts New Hope to the Negro. . 263 CHAPTER XVIII. EMPLOYMENT OF NEGROES AS SOLDIERS. The Question of the Military Employment of Negroes. - The Rebels take the First Step toward the Military Employment of Negroes. - Grand Review of the Rebel Troops at New Orleans. General Hunter Arms the First Regiment of Loyal Negroes at the South. Official Correspondence between the Secretary of War and General Hunter respecting the Enlistment of the Black Regiment. The Enlistment of Five Negro Regiments authorized by the President. The Policy of General Phelps in Regard to the Employ PAGE ment of Negroes as Soldiers in Louisiana.-A Second Call for Troops by the President. - An Attempt to amend the Army Appropriation Bill so as to prohibit the Further Employment of Colored Troops. Governor John A. Andrew, of Massachusetts, authorized by Secretary of War to organize Two Regiments of Colored Troops. — General Lorenzo Thomas is despatched to the Mississippi Valley to superintend the Enlistment of Negro Soldiers in the Spring of 1863. An Order issued by the War Department in the Fall of 1863 for the Enlistment of Colored Troops. -The Union League Club of New York City raises Two Regiments. - Recruiting of Colored Troops in Pennsylvania. — Major George L. Stearns assigned Charge of the Recruiting of Colored Troops in the Department of the Cumberland. - - Free Military School established at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. - Endorsement of the School by Secretary Stanton. The Organization of the School. Official Table giving Number of Colored Troops in the Army. - The Character of Negro Troops. - Mr. Greeley's Editorial on "Negro Troops.". - Letter from Judge-Advocate Holt to the Secretary of War on the "Enlistment of Slaves.". The Negro Legally and Constitutionally a Soldier. - History records his Deeds of Patriotism. 276 - CHAPTER XIX. NEGROES AS SOLDIERS. on the Justification of the Federal Government in the Employment of Slaves as Soldiers. — Trials of the Negro Soldier. He undergoes Persecution from the White Northern Troops, and Barbarous Treatment from the Rebels. Editorial of the "New York Times Negro Soldiers in Battle. Report of the "Tribune "on the Gallant Exploits of the 1st South Carolina Volunteers. Negro Troops in all the Departments. - Negro Soldiers in the Battle of Port Hudson. Death of Captain Andre Callioux. - Death of Color-Sergeant Anselmas Planciancois. — An Account of the Battle of Port Hudson. - Official Report of General Banks. He applauds the Valor of the Colored Regiments at Port Hudson.— George H. Boker's Poem on "The Black Regiment."- Battle of Milliken's Bend, June, 1863. Description of the Battle. - Memorable Events of July, 1863. -- Battle on Morris Island. Bravery of Sergeant Carney. - An Account of the 54th Massachusetts Regiment by Edward L. Pierce to Governor Andrew. - Death of Col. Shaw. - Colored Troops in the Army of the Potomac.. Battle of Petersburg. - Table showing the Losses at Nashville. - Adjt.-Gen. Thomas on Negro Soldiers. An Extract from the "New York Tribune" in Behalf of the Soldierly Qualities of the Negroes. - Letter received by Col. Darling from Mr. Aden and Col. Foster praising the Eminent Qualifications of the Negro for Military Life. History records their Deeds of Valor in the Preservation of the Union - 310 CHAPTER XX. CAPTURE AND TREATMENT OF NEGRO SOLDIERS. The Military Employment of Negroes Distasteful to the Rebel Authorities. The Confederates the First to employ Negroes as Soldiers. - Jefferson Davis refers to the Subject in his Message, and the Confederate Congress orders All Negroes captured to be turned over to the State Authorities, and raises the " Black Flag" upon White Officers commanding Negro Soldiers. - The New York Press calls upon the Government to protect its Negro Soldiers. — Secretary Stanton's Action. -- The President's Order. Correspondence between Gen. Peck and Gen. Pickett in Regard to the Killing of a Colored Man after he had surrendered at the Battle of Newbern.. Southern Press on the Capture and Treatment of Negro Soldiers. - - The Rebels refuse to exchange Negro Soldiers captured on Morris and James Islands on Account of the Order of the Confederate Congress which required them to be turned over to the Authorities of the Several States. - Jefferson Davis issues a Proclamation outlawing Gen. B. F. Butler.— He is to be hung without Trial by any Confederate Officer who may capture him. The Battle of Fort Pillow. - The Gallant Defence by the Little Band of Union Troops. It refuses to capitulate and is assaulted and captured by an Overwhelming Force. The Union Troops butchered in Cold Blood. -The Wounded are carried into Houses which are fired and burned with their Helpless Victims. - Men are nailed to the Outside of Buildings through their Hands and Feet and burned alive. - The Wounded and Dying are brained where they lay in their Ebbing Blood. — The Outrages are renewed in the Morning. - Dead and Living find a Common Sepulchre in the Trench. - General Chalmers orders the Killing of a |