office will expire March 3, 1889. In the 71 years which will then have elapsed, thirteen different persons will have filled the office.

McLean and Logan are the only Senators who have occupied both seats. Shields was a Senator from three States, he represented Minnesota in the unexpired term of the Thirty-fifth Congress, from May 12, 1857, to March 3, 1859, and Missouri from January 27, 1879 to March 3, 1879, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Lewis V. Bogy.

Of all the persons who have represented the State in the United States Senate, but five are living-Trumbull, Oglesby, David Davis and the present incumbents.

Of the birth-places of our Senators, nine were born in Kentucky, Robinson, Ewing, Young, Semple, Richardson, Browning, Yates, Oglesby, Cullom; two in Maryland, Edwards, Davis; two in New York, Kane, Breese; two in Connecticut, Baker, Trumbull; two in Illinois, McRoberts, Logan; one in Ohio, Thomas; one in Vermont, Douglas; one in Ireland, Shields; one in North Carolina, McLean.

From 1833 to the close of the Thirty-fourth Congress, in 1857, all the Representatives had been Democrats, except John T. Stuart, John J. Hardin, Edward D. Baker, John Henry, Abraham Lincoln, Richard Yates, Elihu B. Washburne, Jesse O. Norton, and James Knox, all of whom were Whigs. From 1857 to 1863, the close of the Thirty-seventh Congress, the political complexion of the delegation was five Democrats and four Republicans; from 1863 to 1865, eight Democrats and six Republicans; from 1865 to 1869, eleven Republicans and three Democrats; from 1869 to 1871, ten Republicans and four Democrats; from 1871 to 1873, nine Republicans, four Democrats and one Greenbacker; from 1873 to 1875, thirteen Republicans and six Democrats; from 1875 to 1877, six Republicans, ten Democrats and three Greenbackers; from 1877 to 1879,

eleven Republicans and eight Democrats; from 1879 to 1881, twelve Republicans, five Democrats and two Greenbackers; from 1881 to 1883, thirteen Republicans and six Democrats; from 1883 to 1884, eleven Republicans and nine Democrats.

In the Senate, the State was represented exclusively by Democrats until 1855, when Lyman Trumbull was elected to succeed Gen. Shields, as an anti-Nebraska Democrat. In 1859, Stephen A. Douglas was re-elected as a Democrat, and in 1863, William A. Richardson was elected as & Democrat, as the successor of Douglas. Since that time the State has been represented in that body by Republicans, except in the case of David Davis, who was elected by a coalition of Democrats, Republicans and Independents, and he remained independent of the respective political parties during his term.

Among these names will be observed many illustrious men, and we doubt if there is a State in the Union, old or young, that can show a grander record as to statesmanship.

During the war, Illinois had in Congress many able, sagacious and patriotic men, among whom we are pleased to mention Isaac N. Arnold, John F. Farnsworth, Owen Lovejoy, Ebon C. Ingersoll, and Elihu B. Washburne, of the House, and Lyman Trumbull and O. H. Browning, of the Senate. Perhaps the men who had as much to do with the legislation of that period as any others, were Lyman Trumbull and Elihu B. Washburne. Mr. Trumbull, as chairman of the Committee on Judiciary, was the peer of any man in the Senate, and wielded a powerful influence in shaping the war and reconstruction measures; while Mr. Washburne, by his long and useful service in the House, was called the "Father of the House," and exercised a marked influence in those perilous times. But Mr. Trumbull lost favor with the Republican party when

he refused to vote for the impeachment of President Johnson, in 1868, since which time he has affiliated with the Democratic party. The history of the impeachment trial has never been impartially written, and in the light of to-day, it is not unjust to say, that the vote of Lyman Trumbull may have stayed the political madness of the hour, and preserved the Nation from establishing a bad precedent.

CHAPTER LV.

STATE FUNDS.

Disbursement of State Funds from December 1, 1839, to October 1, 1882Legislative-Executive-Judicial-Debt for Public Works-Educational -Internal Improvement Debt-Miscellaneous-Total-State Debt-Its Payment.

The subjoined table, showing the amount of the State debt from January 1, 1840, to January 1, 1881, when it became extinct, and the disbursement of funds from December 1, 1839, to October 1, 1882, has been compiled by the Auditor of Public Accounts expressly for our use, and it is invaluable as showing the amount expended by the State for all purposes, from and to the periods indicated, inclusive, and the various purposes for which the revenues of the State have been and are now expended.

In explanation of the classification of disbursements shown in this table, it may be said that the amounts reported under the head of legislative, includes the pay of members and officers of the General Assembly, the expense of printing and binding legislative reports, journals, bills, laws, and the general incidental expenses connected with the General Assembly.

The amounts reported under the head of executive, comprehend the salary of the Governor and other State officers, the expenses of the various State departments which includes clerk hire, stationery, postage, printing, binding, light, fuel, porters, janitors and general repairs.

Under the head of judicial, is placed the salaries of the Judges of the Supreme Court, Judges of the Superior and Circuit Courts of Cook county, the Judges of the Appellate court, the Judges of the various Circuit Courts, the State's Attorneys, the Reporter of the Supreme Court, and the expenses of the various divisions of the Supreme and Appellate Courts.

Under the head of debt for public works is reported the amount expended by the State in the general system of internal improvements.

The amounts reported under the head of educational, includes the disbursements by the State for the support of the common school system, the expenses of the Normal Universities and the Industrial University.

Under the head of miscellaneous, is embraced the expenses of the State Government, which have no particular classification. In these amounts are included the expenditures during the war, and for charitable, penal, and reformatory institutions, and on account of the new State House; the larger amounts are chiefly on account of indebtedness incurred during the war, and for expenditures in the erection of the new State House.

Under the head of State debt is shown the original amount of the State debt January 1, 1840, which was $12,000,000, and which continued to increase until 1853, when it reached the frightful sum of $16,724,177.41. In 1855, it was reduced to $13,994,614.93; 1860, to $10,346,017.06; 1870, to $4,890,937.30; 1880, to $281,059.11, and the report for 1882 shows that the debt had become utterly extinct.

No State in the Union shows a more honorable record in dealing with its creditors than Illinois. When the law was passed, which suspended the internal improvement work, there was a strong disposition on the part of some of the people and the law-makers to repudiate the debt for the reason that they believed it was beyond their power to pay it, but a few brave men said no, and the result has been that the obligations of the State have been met to the uttermost farthing, and its credit maintained at home and abroad. When this balance of $12,000,000 was rendered, the Auditor's report shows that there were but 7,964,000 acres of land in the State which were subject to taxation, and the total assessed value of all real and personal property for taxable purposes was but $116,466, and the receipts of the State treasury during the year 1840 were only $163,509, and the disbursements. were $209,114, which will go far to explain how the debt was augmented from $12,000,000 to $16,724,177.41.

In a further examination of the records of the Auditor's office, we have found that during the year 1818, the total amount received into the State treasury for that year was $8,017.69, and that the disbursements for all purposes were $7,902.28, leaving a balance in the State treasury of $115.41. With the change in the form of government there came as a natural result, an increase in the receipts and disbursements of the revenues, but it was gradual and did not assume any great magnitude until about the year 1840, the date from which the table has been compiled.

In contrast with the condition of the State then and now, we draw from the records of the Auditor of Public Accounts these further facts: The number of acres of land assessed for taxation in 1880, was 34,392,324. The number of town and city lots assessed for taxation in the same year, was 862,624. The total assessed value of all property in the State for taxable purposes for the same year, was $786,616,394. The receipts into the State