The

frequently repeated under my own eye, with the most critical exactness, I draw a conclusion very different from that gentleman's. In two gyles, the one brewed from malt only, and the other having in it a solution of sugar, in the proportion of onetenth part of the total aggregate of fermentable matter under operation;-the malt in both instances being from the same flooring, the fermentation similar, and the final gravity equal, per the instrument; and yet the latter product has been found uniformly su perior to the other as an agreeable and vinous beverage it possessed a greater fulness on the palate, and was a liquor to which the best judges would give the preference. That the superiority of the one, was owing to the sugar that was used, there can be no doubt; nor can there be any, that the instrument was incapable of shewing that superiority. It was with this fact in view, that I wrote my former letter; but I do not know that it will have the same weight with the Hampshire brewer, that it has with me. As to the result of distillation, however conclusive he may deem it, I must beg leave to differ from him. The question is not as to the production of the greatest quantity of ardent spirit, but as to the value of either sugar or molasses used in a limited proportion in the brewing of molt liquor. production of a wash suitable to the distilJer's purpose, will certainly require a mode of management different from that which will be pursued by an intelligent brewer. Will not two worts of equal gravity, yield a different quantity of proof spirit, as they are fermented either in the best way for beer, or as they are usually fermented for wash! Next to potency, two of the most desirable qualities in malt liquor are, early transpa rency and fulness; but were the distiller's method of fermentation to be followed in the brewery, I think we should be hardly able to obtain either. While it must be acknowledged, that the particular method which is most proper for obtaining them, would be inimical to the production of spirit by the still. As the two purposes then, require two different methods of treatment, what may be an infallible test of value in one case, may not be so in the other. And as the quantity of ardent spirit will depend upon the fermentation of the wash, as well as upon its previous gravity, its product cannot be a certain criterion of the value of its original materials, any further than a similar treatment obtains, but will be unavailing when treated in a different manner and for a different purpose. As to the testimony of Drs. Thompson, Hope and Coventry, which

the gentleman has introduced, I consider it as quite irrelevant, as it has no bearing on the question immediately at issue. Their manner of estimating the differences between English and Scotch barleys and maits was certainly judicious. And what does that prove? Why nothing, but what I am as well convinced of as the Hampshire brewer himself. But though I am compel led thus to differ from a gentleman of such abilities, experience and information, yet it will be impossible for such difference to lessen that respectful sentiment I felt towards him on the perusal of his first valua ble paper. I now close the correspondence on the subject by thanking him for the frankness with which he has communicated his sentiments, and by claiming for myself a right to dissent from the greatest authori ties when I have reason to doubt whether their arguments are founded on legiti mate reasons. To you, Mr. Cobbett, I am indebted for your impartiality, and for the space you have allowed for the discussion, and am obliged by the readiness you have shewn in giving insertion to the correspondence-I remain, Sir, &c.CANDIDUS. Malton, 19th December, 1808.

BREWERIES.

SIR-It is rather unfair to make your valuable Register a medium of discussion m any particular art or manufacture, but as you have already admitted the subject, I am induced to trouble you for a small space in a paper of such general instruction, for a few observations on the statement of the gentlemen who sign themselves "a Hamp "shire Brewer" and "Candidus" in your Registers of the 12th and 26th of Nov.; and 10th of Dec.-The difference in the opinions of these gentlemen, on a subject which the former has so laudably brought before the public, seems to arise solely from Candidus' supposing that nothing but a saccharum is capable of the vinous fermentation, and that therefore the instrument used in the brewery cannot be an accurate

measure of sweets;" so far he is right, for although it cannot possibly express the quantity of sweets contained in any extracts, it ascertains exactly their relative value, or amount of fermentable matter, under which term is comprehended saccharum, mucilage, and perhaps a little oil; in short, whatever is extractable from corn or grain, or soluble` from other substances, where a small portion of saccharum is present-from all which, experiment proves, that equal specific gravities will give equal quantities of ardent spirit, thereby exploding the commonly

received opinion that sweets alone are capa ble of producing alcohol.-Candidus however had great reasons for his inquiries on the subject, which I presume will be farther elucidated when it is explained (if explanation be necessary to gentlemen who handle the subject so ably) why the saccharometer in general use will not indicate above onethird of the "gross weight of the substance "dissolved," for as it is impossible, that either of those in question can undergo solution without increasing the bulk of the solvent, therefore a saccharometer (I wish I could find a better term for the instru ment), indicating the difference of weight between a barrel of water and a barrel of wort, on which scale those in general use are, I believe, formed, can by no means express the quantity of fermentable matter in pounds avoirdupois, contained in such barrel of wort; which may however be discovered, very nearly, by multiplying the amount per saccharometer by 2, 7; as is proved by ascertaining the weight of malt before brewing, and the grains (being completely dried) afterwards. Instead, therefore, of a quarter of malt weighing from 300 to 336 pounds, yielding from 75 to 80 pounds of saccharine (fermentable, I presume) matter, it really produces from 202 to 216 pounds avoirdupois. As to the brewery in general, sugar cannot be introduced to advantage, for it is by no means a superabundant saccharum which is there required, but an extract where mucilage bears the greater proportion.—With every apology for continuing a subject which can interest so few of your readers, I am respectfully, Sir, &c.-H.-Guernsey, Dec. 19,

1808,

OFFICIAL PAPERS. SPANISH REVOLUTION.-Tenth Bulletin of the French Army of Spain.-(Continued from p. 960.)

The very mountains have afforded them but a feeble protection. But thanks to the power of the inquisition, the influence of the monks, their dexterity to seize all pens, and to make them speak all languages, it is still believed, throughout great part of Spain, that Blake has been victorious, that the French army has been destroyed, and the imperial guard taken. Whatever may be the momentary success of these wretched shifts, and of these ridiculous efforts, the reign of the inquisition is over; its revolutionary tribunals will no longer barrass any country in Europe; in Spain, as at Rome, the inquisition shall be abolished, and the horrid spectacle of auto-dla-fés shall

never again be repeated. This reform shall, be effected in spite of the religious zeal of the English, in spite of the alliance which they have formed with the monkish impostors, who have given our Lady del Pilar and the saints of Valladolid the power of speech. England has for her allies, exclusive monopoly, the inquisition, and the Franciscans: all are alike to her, if she can but sow discord among nations, and deluge the continent with blood.-An English brig, the Ferret, which left Portsmouth, the 11th of this month, came to an anchor on the 22d, in the port of St. Andero, not knowing that the place was in the occupation of the French. She had on board important dispatches, and a great quantity of English papers, which were secured.-At St. Andero were found great quantities of Jesuit's bark and colonial produce, which were sent to Bayonne.—The duke of Dalmatia has entered the Asturias, Several towns and many villages have begged to submit, in order to avoid falling into the abyss dug for them by the counsels of foreigners, and by the passions of the multitude.

Eleventh Bulletin of the French Army of Spain, dated Aranda de Duero, Nov. 27.

His majesty on the 19th sent off the marshal duke of Montebello with instructions for the movements of the left, of which he gave him the command.—The duke of Mcntebello and the duke of Cornegliano concerted measures together at Lodosa on the 20th, for the execution of the orders of his majesty.-On the 21st, the division of general Lagrange, with the brigade of light cavalry of general Colbert, and the brigade of dragoons of general Dijon, set out from Lagrogno, by the right of the Ebro. At the same time the four divisions, composing the corps of the duke of Cornegliano, passed the river at Lodosa, abandoning the whole country between the Ebro and Pampelona.-On the 22d, at the break of day, the French army began its march. It took its direction to Calahorra, where, on the evening before, were the head quarters of Castanos; it found that town evacuated, and afterwards marched upon Alfaro; the enemy had in like manner retreated.—On the 23d, at break of day, the general of division, Lefebvre, at the head of the cavalry, and supported by the division of general Morlat, forming the advanced guard, met with the enemy. He immediately gave information to the duke of Montebello, who found the army of the enemy in seven divisions, consisting of 45.000 men, under arms, with its right before Tudela, and its left occupying a line

of a league and a half; a disposition absolutely bad. The Arragonese were on the right, the troops of Valencia and New Castile in the centre, and the three divisions. of Andalusia, which general Castanos commanded more especially, formed the left. Forty pieces of cannon covered the enemy's line.At nine in the morning the columns of the French army, began to deploy, with that order, that regularity and coolness, which characterise veteran troops: situations were chosen for establishing batteries with sixty pieces of cannon, but the impetuosity of the troops, and the inquietude of the enemy, did not allow time for this. The Spaniards were already vanquished by the order and movements of the French army. The duke of Montebello caused the centre to be pierced by the division of general Mautice Matthieu; the general of division Lefebvre, with his cavalry, immediately passed on the trot through this opening, and enveloped, by a quarter wheel to the left, the whole right of the enemy. The moment when half of the enemy's line found itself thus turned and defeated, was that in which general Lagrange attacked the village of Cascante, where the line of Castanos was placed, which did not exhibit a better countenance than the right, but abandoned the field of battle, leaving behind it its artillery, and a great number of prisouers. The cavalry pursued the remains of the enemy's army to Mallah, in the direction of Saragossa, and to Tarracona, in the direction of Agreda. Seven standards, thirty pieces of cannon, with all their furniture, 12 colonels, 300 officers, and 3,000 men, have been taken; 4,000 Spaniards have been left dead on the field of battle, or have been driven into the Ebro. Our loss has been trifling, we have had 60 men killed and 400 wounded; among the latter is the general of division Lagrange, who has received a bullet in the arm.-Our troops found at Tudela a number of maga. zines. The marshal duke of Cornegliano has begun his march upon Saragossa.While a part of the fugitives retired to this place, the left, which had been cut off, fed in disorder to Tarracona and Agreda.The duke of Elchingen, who was on the 22d at Soria, ought to have been on the 23d at Agreda, not a man would have escaped but this corps being too much fatigued, remained at Soria the 23d and 24th. arrived at Agreda on the 25th, still sufficiently in time to seize a great number of magazines. One named Palafox, formerly a garde du corps, a man without talents, and without ourage, a kind of insignificant monk, the

He

true head of a party, which acquired him" the name of general, was the first to take flight. This is not the first time he has acted in that manner; he has done the same on all occasions.--This army of 45,000 has been thus beaten and defeated, without our having had more than 6000 men engaged. -The battle of Burgos had struck the centre of the enemy, and the battle of Espinosa the right; the battle of Tudela has struck the left; victory has thus struck, as with a thunderbolt, and dispersed the whole league of the enemy.

Twelfth Bulletin of the French Army of Spain, dated Aranda, Nov. 28.

At the battle of Tudela, the general of division, Lagrange, charged with the attack of Cascante, ordered his division to march by echellen, and put himself at the head of the first division, composed of the 25th regiment of light infantry, which fell upon the enemy with such impetuosity, that 200 Spaniards were killed in the first charge of the bayonet. The other echellons could not come up. This singular intrepidity spread " consternation and disorder among the troops of Castanos. It was at this moment that general Lagrange, who was at the head of the first echellon, received a ball, which wounded him dangerously.-On the 26th, the duke of Elchingen advanced by Tarracona to Borja. The enemy destroyed sixty turebrils which they had at Tarracona.-General Maurice Matthieu arrived, on the 25th, at Borja, pursuing the enemy, and every moment taking fresh prisoners, the number of which already amounts to 5,000, they are all troops of the line. No quarter was given to any of the peasants who were found in arms. We took 37 pieces of cannon. Disorder and delirium have seized upon their leaders. Their first proceeding was a violent manifesto, in which they declared war against France. They imputed to her all the disorders of their court, the degeneracy of the race which reigned, and the baseness of the great, who, for many years, have prostrated themselves in the most abject manner at the feet of the idol which they load with all their rage, now he is fallen. They have very false ideas in Germany, Italy, and France, of Spanish monks, if they compare them to those which exist in these countries. We find among the Benedictines, the Bernardins, &c. in France and Italy, a crowd of men remarkable in sciences and literature; they distinguish themselves by their educa tion, and by the honourable and useful class to which they belong. The Spanish monks, on the contrary, are drawn from the dregs of the people; they are ignorant and drun

A

ken, and can only be compared to people | employed in slaughter-houses. They are illiterate, and have the very manner and appearance of it-it is only over the lowest classes that they have any influence. citizen would think himself dishonoured in admitting a monk to his table. As to the unfortunate Spanish peasants, we can only compare them to the Fellahs of Egypt; they have no property- every thing belongs to the monks, or to some powerful house. The liberty to keep an inn is a feudal right; yet in a country so favoured by nature, we fiud neither posts nor inns. The taxes even are alienated, and belong to the lords. The great have degenerated to such a degree, that they are without energy, without merit, and even without influence. We every day find at Valladolid, and beyond it, consider able magazines of arms. The English faithfully executed that part of their engage. ment; they provided muskets, poniards, and libels; these they have sent in profusion: their inventive spirit has been signalised, and they have carried to a great length the art of spreading libels, as of late they have distinguished themselves by their fire-rockets. All the evils, all the scourges which can afflict mankind, come from London. Thirteenth Bulletin of the French Army of Spain, dated St. Martin's, near Madrid, Dec. 2.

On the 29th ult, the head-quarters of the emperor were removed to the village of Bouzealas; on the 30th, at break of day, the duke of Belluno presented himself at the foot of the Somo Sierra; a division of 13,000 men of the Spanish army of reserve defended the passage of the mountains. The enemy thought themselves unattackable in that position. They had entrenched the narrow passage, called Puerto, with sixteen pieces of cannon. The 9th light infantry marched upon the right; the goth upon the causeway; and the 24th followed by the side of the heights on the left. General Senarmont, with six pieces of artillery, advanced by the causeway. The action commenced by the firing of musquetry and cannon.-A charge made by the general Montbrun, at the head of the Polish light horse, decided the affair, it was a most brilliant one, and the regiment covered itself with glory, and proved it was worthy to form a part of the imperial guards; cannons, flags, musquets, soldiers, all were taken or cut to pieces. Eight Polish light horse were killed upon the cannon, and sixteen have been wounded.-Among the last is captain Dzievaneski who was dangerously wounded, and lies almost without hopes of recovery..

Major Segur, marshal of the emperor's household, charged among the Polish troops, and received many wounds, one of which is very severe. Sixteen pieces of cannon, 10 flags, 20 covered chests, 200 waggons, laden · with all kinds of baggage, and the military chests of the regiments, are the fruits of this brilliant atlair. Among the prisoners, which are very numerous, are all the colonels › and lieutenant-colonels of the corps of the Spanish division. All the soldiers would have been taken, if they had not thrown away their aims, and dispersed in the mounains. On the 1st of Dec. the head quarters of the emperor were at Saint Augustin, and on the 2d, the duke of Istria, with the cavalry, commanded the heights of Madrid. --The infantry could not arrive before the 3d-The intelligence which we hitherto have received leads us to think that this town is!. suffering under all kinds of disorders, and that the doors are barricadoed. The wea ther is very fine.

SPANISH REVOLUTION.-(Continued from p. 791). Address of the Supreme Junta of Seville to the Spanish People. Dated from the Royal Palace of Seville, September 17,5

1808.

This Supreme Junta, from the first appointment guided only by its loyalty and pas triotism, has seen with no less admiration than pleasure the exertions of the other parts of the kingdom, and that surmounting dif ficulties almost insuperable, all have vied with each other in manifesting, that their conduct and operations were actuated by the 2 same sentiments, and directed to the same objects. Far from conceiving, even for an instant, that it has exceeded any of them in: those points, which, notwithstanding its scanty means and supplies, it has been able' to realize by its zeal and sacrifices, it ardent-' ly felicitates itself upon. witnessing that union of dispositions and exertions, which might disconcert the bold and wicked plans · of the common oppressor, as soon as the respective circumstances of the several provinces shall permit the whole of their united force to be directed to the single object-ofexpelling our ferocious enemy from our ter-? ritory. Never did so silly and chimerical an idea enter into the calculations of this Supreme Junta, as that, notwithstanding theloss of the other provinces of the kingdom,? one particular province might be able to rescue itself from the yoke of a powerful, s vindictive, and obstinate enemy. but i though to superficial minds this project: might not appear an absolute impossibility, its attachment to its king and country, and.

its anxiety to preserve the integrity of the monarchy, would have compelled it to identify itself, with the hard fate under which our fellow-countrymen in the other provinces are suffering, and to afford them those succours which they so justly solicit, and which is demanded by their distresses, and the necessity of our united exertions for the salvation of the country, the only wish of all good and loyal Spaniards.-Notwithstanding these were, and are, the principal objects attended to by the Junta, whilst it did not at the same time lose sight of the points by which the enemy might menace us, or attack us with the intention of making a combined diversion, or to try the effect of a bold movement, there have not been wanting ignorant or disaffected persons, who have imputed to it the intention of retaining in Andalusia that army which had so gloriously effected the destruction of Dupout, whereas all its efforts were directed towards the object of expelling our enemies from the Castiles, in combination with the disposable forces of the other provinces, after concerting such a system of combined movements as should ensure a happy issue to our operations. With this view, the Supreme Junta, on the 8th of September, among other particulars, wrote to the general in chief as follows. This Supreme Junta has long since 'manifested the high confidence which it reposes in your excellency. You will there"fore act as prudence directs, making such movements and marches with the army as you shall judge expedient for delivering Spain from the French; and making it ⚫ known to all, that our firm resolution is to 'employ all our forces in defence of the country. Repeated orders have been issued to the newly-raised troops to march for Castile, and place themselves at the disposal of your excellency. They will be furnished with clothing; and we will • also make every exertion to forward some for the divisions under your command, ⚫ whose naked condition we deeply regret, though hitherto unable to remedy it, not⚫ withstanding the clothes now making already amount to eleven million of reals. • We shall also cause the 10,000 flasks, or canteens, presented to us by the English, to be forwarded with all expedition to • Madrid. Having just learnt the arrival at Cadiz of several English transports, ' with about 39,000 muskets, and other military implements, we instantly resolved to send your excellency 10,000 of them, to be disposed of as may be thought necessary, leaving the distribution of them to the determination of your

any

excellency-Although such have been, and are the genuine views and wishes of this supreme junta, joined to that of the speedy convocation of the Central Junta ; and although it has not omitted, nor will omit, any means of accomplishing them, as the general defence of the kingdom imperiously dictates, malevolence has nevertheless attempted to confound the impossibility of more promptly realizing their desires, with the nature of those desires themselves. But with what acute pain has this supreme junta learnt, both from verbal and written communications, the prevalence of a malicious report, that its members had assigned to themselves, and are now enjoying large salaries ! Calumny could not have been carried to a greater pitch. Far from of the members having any appointment, or receiving a single maravedi, it will be seen, when the list of donations is published, that they have contributed, as well as the rest, ac cording to their respective means, in supplying funds for the glorious defence of our be loved king Ferdinand VII. our liberty, and our most sacred rights. Indefatigable in the important duties of this great under taking, the junta have devoted every day, since their first meeting, to public business exclusively, to the neglect and contempt of their private affairs, abandoning their homes and interests, and having incessantly two of their body on duty during the night, to attend to any emergency which might occur in the critical circumstances wherein we were placed.-Such is a brief sketch of the conduct of this supreme junta. It will more fully explain it, in a manifesto which shall contain a true and more particular account of all its proceedings. In the meantime, it hastens to submit to the public this short and frank statement, in order to give a check to malignity, and to remove those sinister impressions which malice, falsehood, and ignorance, are making every effort to propagate. This supreme junta

has not known, nor will it know, any other principles than those of constantly ap proving and supporting the truly patriotic views and efforts of all the provinces, in defence of the most just cause of any re corded in the history of the world-the united exertion of all our energies to expel the satellites of despotism from every part of the kingdom-the integrity of the mo narchy, and a complete concert in all our plans and operations, in order to plant upob the Pyrennees the triumphant standards of our king, as harbingers of the deliverance of Europe, forerunners of the destruction of the tyrant who endeavours to subjugate