appears.-Final charge of the day. Its fierce grandeur.-Vietory of the Confed-

erates.-McClellan retreats towards the James River.-Failure of Magruder and

Huger to intercept him.-The great errour which they committed.-Battle of

Savage Station.-McClellan crosses White Oak Swamp.-Failure of Huger's attack.

-Another opportunity lost.-Battle of Frazier's Farm.-Hill and Longstreet's

troops only engaged.—Battle of Malvern Hill.-McClellan's position on the Hill.-

His numerous artillery.-The attack of the Confederate left not supported.—

Magruder's impetuous and desperate charge.-The sublime scenery of the contest.

-Failure of the attack.-McClellan continues his retreat to Harrison's Landing.-

Fruits of the Confederate success.-Gen. Lee's explanation of McClellan's escape.-

Estimate of the victory by Lee and Stonewall Jackson.-Richmond erect and

exultant
278

CHAPTER XVIII.

Effect of McClellan's defeat in the North.-Organization of another Federal army

under Gen. Pope.-Political significance of Pope's appointment.-New measures of

violence in the war.-McClellan's ideas of the conduct of the war.-His "Harri-

son-Bar Letter."-Divisions of sentiment in the North as to the character and

measures of the war.-Position of the Democratic party.-The Radicals in Congress.

-Their Anti-slavery design.-Their theory of revenge upon the South.-Cardinal

errour of this political school.-Declaration of Wendell Phillips.-System of

spoliation and disfranchisement in the South.-Gen. Pope's address to his army in

Virginia. His war upon non-combatants.-Legalization of plunder.-Irruption of

the Northern spoilsmen into Virginia.-Pope's military lines.-Gen. Lee between

two forces-He sends Jackson against Pope.-He threatens McClellan's communi-

cations. Battle of Cedar Run.-Banks again deceived by Jackson.-A rapid and

severe engagement.-Gen. Lee moves out to the lines of the Rappahannock.—Ad-

venturous movement of Jackson to reach Pope's rear. His perilous position.-

He is apparently in the jaws of destruction.-The affair of Manassas and Bristoe

Station. The second battle of Manassas.-Longstreet's march to reinforce Jackson.

-His passage of Thoroughfare Gap.-His timely and critical arrival on the field

of battle.-A close contest.-Fighting at ten baces.-The battle of the first day

not decisive. Disposition of the two armies for the great contest of the second

day. Jackson at close quarters.—He drives the enemy.-The whole Confederate

line of battle advancing.-A sublime spectacle.-Scenes on the banks of Bull Run.

-Pope retreats to Centreville and thence towards Washington.-Jackson strikes

him again.-Engagement at Ox Hill.-Pope's immense losses.-His absurd claim

of victory. Ludicrous correspondence between Pope and Halleck.-Rapid and

brilliant change in the fortunes of the Confederacy. The war transferred from the

interiour to the frontier.-Alarm in the North.-Popularity in the Confederacy of

an offensive war.-A true statement of Gen. Lee's designs in crossing the Upper

Potomac and invading Maryland.-Why he did not move upon Washington and

Alexandria. His proclamation at Frederick.-Weak response of the Marylanders.

-Explanation of this.-Capture of Harper's Ferry, &c.-How Jackson invested it.

-M'Clellan at the head of the Federal army.-His inactivity. He becomes

acquainted with Lee's plans by a curious accident.-He presses forward to relieve

Harper's Ferry-Fight in Boonesboro' Gap.-Gen. Lee retires to Sharpsburg.-

Meanwhile Jackson completes the reduction of Harper's Ferry.-Battle of Sharps-

burg.-Comparative strength of the two armies.-Fluctuation of the tide of

battle on the Confederate left.-Repulse of the enemy.-The Confederate centre is

broken and recovers.-The enemy gets possession of the bridge over the Antietam.

-The day closes with the enemy repulsed at all points, and a victory for the Con-

federates. Why Gen. Lee did not renew the battle the next day.-Why he

retreated.-M'Clellan's claim of victory.-How it was an afterthought.-Lee's

army recruiting in Virginia.....

CHAPTER XIX.

295

The Western theatre of the war.-Valley of the Mississippi.-Evacuation of Corinth.-

Important objects of the movement.-Its success.-The Halleck-Pope dispatch.—

An enormous falsehood.-Gen. Beauregard's comments on it.-Capture of Memphis.

-An unequal fight on the river.-Bombardment of Vicksburg.-Great importance

of this point.-Preparations for its defence by Van Dorn.-The ironclad Arkansas.

-She runs the gauntlet of the enemy's fleet.-Thrilling scene of the adventure.

-Failure of the first attempt of the enemy upon Vicksburg.-Engagement at

Baton Rouge.-Success of Breckinridge's attack. He waits for the iron-clad

Arkansas. She becomes unmanageable and is fired by her crew.-Withdrawal of

Breckinridge from Baton Rouge.-Confederate occupation of Port Hudson.-The

Kentucky campaign.-Gen. Bragg in command of the Confederate army in the

West.-How Gen. Beauregard was retired.-Bragg's plan of operations against

Kentucky.-Morgan's raid.-Disposition of the Federal forces west of the Alle-

ghany Mountains.-Co-operation of Kirby Smith with Bragg's column.-Battle of

Richmond.-Kirby Smith in a position to threaten both Cincinnati and Louisville.—

Bragg's movement to intercept Buell.-The latter concentrating at Bowling Green.

-Great success of Bragg's movements so far.-His boastful dispatch to Richmond.

-His political object in invading Kentucky.-His proclamation at Glasgow.-Sur-

render of the Federal garrison at Mumfordsville.-Bragg's whole army between

Nashville and Louisville. His splendid opportunity.-He does not use it.-He

permits Buell to pass to Louisville without a battle.-His weak excuse for a fatal

errour-The Federals now able to resume the offensive in Kentucky.-Bragg's

uncertain movements.-His disarranged plan of battle.-Gen. Polk's disobedience

of orders. Battle of Perryville.-Bragg's unfortunate distribution of forces.-

Misapprehension of Kirby Smith.-Withers' division not in the fight.—The enemy

driven.-Arrival of another of his corps upon the field.-Bragg retires upon

Bryantsville. He determines to evacuate Kentucky.-Retreat through Cumberland

Gap.-Disappointment at Richmond.-Errours of the Kentucky campaign.-How

far it was a Confederate success. Its large captures.-North Alabama and Middle

Tennessee redeemed.-Bragg in front of Nashville.-Operations in the Southwest.

-Battle of Corinth.-Movements of Van Dorn and Price.-The affair of Iuka.-

Van Dorn's reasons for attacking Corinth.—Gallant and impetuous charge of Price's

troops. The second day's fight.-Mismanagement of the attack on the enemy's

works.-Terrible slaughter at College Hill.-The Confederates repulsed.-Affair

on the Hatchie River.-Van Dorn's retreat.-Review of the summer and autumn

campaigns of 1862.-Glory of the Confederate arms.-Reflection of the London

Times on the "New Nationality."

CHAPTER XX.

819

The two main theatres of the war.-Operations in Virginia.-Battle of Fredericksburg.

-Preliminary movements of the two armies.-Expedition of Stuart's cavalry into

Pennsylvania.-Removal of M'Clellan.-The true reasons for it.-Gen. Burnside's

"On to Richmond."-His movement towards Fredericksburg. The surrender of

the town demanded. It is abandoned by the citizen-population.-Sorrowful scenes.

-Burnside forces the passage of the Rappahannock.-The Confederate position.—

Burnside's hope to surprise Gen. Lee.-How disappointed.-The Confederate line

of battle. The attack on the Confederate right.-Young Pelham's gallantry.—.

The Confederate right broken.-The battle restored.-Interest of the field on the

left. The attack on Marye's and Willis' Hills.-Gallantry of the Federals.-They

make six attacks.-A terrible scene of carnage.-Burnside's army driven into

Fredericksburg.-His appalling extremity.-Expectations in Richmond of the des-

truction of his army.-He escapes across the Rappahannock.-Gen. Lee's own

explanation of his failure to follow up his victory.-Comparative losses in the

battle.-Death of Gens. Gregg and Cobb.-Gen. Lee's sentiment with respect to

the objects of the war.-Operations in Tennessee.-Battle of Murfreesboro'.—The

situation in the West.-The lines in Tennessee and Mississippi.-Rosecrans' advance

from Nashville.-Conflicting statements of his force.-Position of Gen. Bragg's

army around Murfreesboro'.-Bragg anticipates the Federal attack.-Hardee com-

mences the battle.-He drives the entire right wing of the Federals.-Desperate

situation of Rosecrans.-His sang-froid.-He developes a new line of battle.-

The Confederates renew the attack.-How Bragg lost an opportunity.-Splendid

charge of the Confederates.-The day undecided, but the advantage with the Con-

federates.-Bragg's "Happy New-Year."-Breckinridge attempts to dislodge the

enemy. "The bloody crossing of Stone River."-Repulse of Breckinridge.-Why

Bragg determined to retreat.-The results of the Battle of Murfreesboro' in favour

of the Confederates.-A peculiarity of Gen. Bragg.-His eloquent tribute to the

private soldier of the Confederacy.-Operations in the Trans-Mississippi.-The cam-

paign West of the Mississippi feeble and irregular.-Gen. Hindman's command.-

His extravagant Address to his Soldiers.-Battle of Prairie Grove.-Hindman's first

success and unfortunate delay.-His blunders and extraordinary retreat.-Con-

dition of the Trans-Mississippi country.-Hindman's "Government ad Interim."-

His despotic orders.-An extraordinary list of outrages.-Virtue and fidelity of

the Confederate States West of the Mississippi River..
338

CHAPTER XXI.

Review of political questions in the war.-The thread of Anti-slavery legislation.-

President Lincoln's hesitation.-The opposition to his administration.-Scheme of

compensated emancipation.-How visionary.-Mr. Lincoln's motives in suggesting

it. The President and the Chicago Deputation.-His characteristic discourse on

slavery.—His reference to the Pope's Bull against the Comet.-Political importance

of the battle of Sharpsburg.—The mask dropped.—The Proclamation of Emancipa-

tion. Misrepresentations of it.-An act of malice towards the master, not one of

mercy to the slave.-Pretence of "military necessity."-Dishonour of the plea.-

Proof of its falsehood.-Effect of the Emancipation Proclamation on the Confeder-

ates.-President Davis' commentary.-Spirit of the press and people of the Con-

federacy.-Effect of the proclamation in the North.-Analysis of the Northern

elections of 1862.-The Democratic protest against President Lincoln's administra-

tion.-Speech of Mr. Cox in the Federal Congress.-Supposed design of " recon-

struction " of the Union.-How the idea was treated in Richmond.—Savage de-

nunciations of it.- Vice-President Stephens' Declaration of Independence or death.

-Military operations in the early months of 1863.-General character of the war

in the winter season.-The recapture of Galveston by the Confederates.-Fight

between the Cottonboats and the Federal Fleet.-The Harriet Lane captured.-The

2

other Federal vessels surrender, but escape under white flags.-Renewed attempts

against Vicksburg.-Shameful failure of Sherman's expedition.-Third attempt

upon Vicksburg made by Gen. Grant.-Its failure.-Attempt of Farragut's fleet to

run past Fort Hudson.-Destruction of the Mississippi.-Capture of Arkansas Post

by the Federals.-Its importance.-Attack of an iron-clad fleet upon Charleston.-

Trial between iron-clads and artillery.-Combat of the Keokuk and Fort Sumter.—

Complete triumph of the Confederates.-The prestige of "Monitors" destroyed..356

CHAPTER XXII.

Military situation in the early months of 1863.-Early resumption of the campaign in

Virginia. The new Federal favourite, "Fighting Joe Hooker."-The Battle of

Chancellorsville.-Hooker's plan of operations.-His flaming address to his troops.

-Critical situation of Gen. Lee.-Surrounded by an enemy more than threefold

his numbers.-Calmness and self-possession of Lee.-His deliberate dispositions for

attack. The flank-march of Stonewall Jackson.-How he emerged from "the

Wilderness."-Fall of Stonewall Jackson.-The impetus of the Confederate attack

ceases.-How Gen. Lee received the news of Jackson's fall.-The battle in front of

Chancellorsville.-Hooker's army crippled and driven.-Sedgwick's advance from

Fredericksburg.-It arrests Lee's pursuit of Hooker.--The fight near Salem Church.

--Sedgwick's force routed.-Hooker retreats across the river.--His terrible los-

ses.-Chancellorsville, the masterpiece of Lee's military life.-Reflections on the

victory. Startling official developments as to the numbers of Confederate armies.

-Particulars of the death of Jackson.--Exact report of his last words.-Character

of Stonewall Jackson.-His great ambition.-Early misconceptions of the man.-

How he was ridiculed.—His difference with President Davis. His resignation sent

in, but recalled.-Jackson's military career. His genius.-His piety. His epicene

nature. Personal appearance of the hero.-What Virginia owes to his memory..370

Vicksburg, the second prize of the war.-Gen. Grant.-What his persistency was

worth. His new scheme of attack.-Two parts of the enterprise.-Porter's gun-

boats run the batteries.-Grant's march from Milliken's Bend.-Blindness of Gen.

Pemberton at Vicksburg.-Antecedents and character of this commander.-His

extreme incompetency.-President Davis blamed.-His caprice and obstinacy.—

Grant crosses the Mississippi and moves towards Port Gibson.-Gen. Johnston's

telegram to Pemberton.-Critical opportunity of the campaign.-Pemberton

refuses to use it, and disregards Johnston's despatch.-Battle of Port Gibson.—

Extraordinary valour of Bowen's command.-Grant turns Grand Gulf and moves

upon Jackson.-Gen. Johnston's arrival at Jackson.-Situation and strength of the

Confederate forces.-Evacuation of Jackson.-Johnston offers a second op-

portunity of attack to Pemberton.-The latter disobeys the order and commits a

fatal error. Sherman's incendiary record in Jackson.-His use of the fire-brand.

-Grant forces battle upon Pemberton.-Battle of Baker's Creek.-Tremendous

exertions of Stevenson's division.-Gen. Loring fails to support him, remains in-

active, and is cut off in the retreat.-Pemberton's new position upon the Big Black.

-Its strength.-It is shamefully abandoned.-Disgraceful retreat of Pemberton's

army. The fate of Vicksburg virtually decided at the Big Black.-Gen. John-

ston orders the evacuation of Vicksburg.-Pemberton entrapped there.-Siege and

surrender of Vicksburg.-Confidence of the garrison restored.-Prospect of relief

from Johnston.-How it was visionary.-Two assaults of the enemy repulsed.-

CONTENTS.

xix

Painful operations of siege.-Sufferings of the garrison.-Johnston has some hope

of extricating the garrison.-Taylor's attack and repulse at Milliken's Bend.-

Pemberton's despatch to Johnston.-The reply: "Something may yet be done to

save Vicksburg."-Johnston prepares to attack on 7th July.-Pemberton surrenders

on Fourth of July.-His conference with Grant.-A terrible day's work.-Extent

of the disaster to the Confederate cause.-Surrender of Port Hudson.-Other events

in the region of the Mississippi connected with the Fall of Vicksburg.-Operations

in the Trans-Mississippi.-Battle of Helena.—Object of Gen. Holmes' movement on

Helena. An extraordinary march.-An extraordinary council of war.-Gen.

Price protests against an attack.-He is ordered to take "Graveyard" fort.-He

succeeds.-The other attacks fail.-Disastrous retreat of Gen. Holmes.-The cam-

paign in Lower Louisiana.-Gen. Taylor's capture of Brashear City and its forts.—

His operations in the Lafourche country.-His successes neutralized by the fall of

Vicksburg and Port Hudson.-Banks returns to New Orleans and the enemy holds

the entire line of the Mississippi.....

---

CHAPTER XXIV.

385

Favourable aspects of Confederate affairs after the battle of Chancellorsville.-Alter-

native of campaigns in Richmond.-Virginia and Tennessee.-What decided the

campaign into Pennsylvania.-Reorganization of the Army of Northern Virginia.—

Its grand preparations on the Plains of Culpepper.-Ewell's movement upon Win-

chester. His captures.-Order of Lee's march to the Potomac.-Hooker out-

generalled and blinded.-Lee's march to Gettysburg, a master-piece of strategy.—

Conduct of his troops in the enemy's territory.-Gen. Lee abstains from "retalia-

tion."-Comment of the Richmond "Examiner."-Gen. Hooker relieved, and Meade

put in command of the Federal army.-Alarm in the North.-Meade marches

towards Gettysburg. The battle of Gettysburg.-A Confederate victory the first

day. How it was not improved.-A great errour.-The critical heights of Gettys-

burg taken by the enemy.-Cemetery Ridge.-" Round Top."-The Confederate

line of battle.-Why Gen. Lee determined to attack.-Action of the second day.-

Longstreet's desperate engagement.-Temporary possession of "Round Top.”—

Successes on the Confederate left.-Action of the third day.-An ominous silence.

-Sudden and terrible cannonade.-Heroic charge of Pickett's division.-Sublime

devotion of the Virginians.-They take the key of the enemy's position.-The

shout of victory.-Pettigrew's support fails.-The day lost.-Gen. Lee rallying

his troops. His subsequent retreat to the Potomac.-Success of the retreat.-He

retires to the line of the Rapidan.-Gettysburg the climacteric of the Southern

Confederacy.-History of the peace mission of Vice-President Stephens as connected

therewith.-An ostensible letter of President Davis.-How the mission was re-

pulsed. The honourable position of the Confederate President...

... 401

Gettysburg and Vicksburg twin disasters for the Confederates.-Their effect on the

Confederate currency.-The financial system of the Southern Confederacy.―The

modern system of public credits an encouragement to war.-Review of financial

experiments in the modern wars of Europe.-The three conspicuous examples of

Great Britain, France and Russia.-The great financial errour in the American

war.-How a bank of exchequer would have operated in the war.-The rule of

reflux in currency.-Brief statement of financial condition of North and South at

close of the war.-Suspension of the Southern banks in the first year of the war