hundred guns, hurling solid shot and shell into the Confederate lines. General Hunt, commanding the Union artillery, keeps the batteries in constant play, while the gunboats in the river send shot and shell across Strawberry Plains. General McClellan is on the Galena, and each general manages his own corps as seems to him best.

At nine o'clock the battle

The sun goes down, and night comes on. ends. Lee has suffered another repulse, with great loss.

"Retreat to Harrison's Landing," is the order from McClellan. It is six miles down the river, and during the night the army makes its way to that point, where steamboats are arriving with supplies.

"Although," says General McClellan, in his report, "the battle of Malvern was a complete victory, it was necessary to fall back still far

ther, in order to reach a point where our supplies could be brought to us. with certainty."

That was not the opinion of some of his officers. General Martindale was so angry that he shed tears.

"I, Philip Kearney," shouted that general, "enter my solemn protest against this order to retreat. We ought, instead, to march into Richmond. In full view of all the responsibility of such a declaration, I say to you all, such an order can only be prompted by cowardice or treason."

In the morning the Union army is at Harrison's Landing, while the Confederate army is moving towards Richmond. During the seven days' fighting McClellan has lost about sixteen thousand, and Lee twenty thousand men.

The campaign for the capture of Richmond was over. It was undertaken against the judgment of President Lincoln, who could see with his plain common-sense what General McClellan did not comprehend— that the Confederate army would be stronger at Richmond than it possibly could be at Centreville; that it would be easier to strike a blow near Washington than at Richmond, far from the base of supplies, and in the enemy's country.

CHAPTER XII.

CONFEDERATE MANASSAS CAMPAIGN.

THE campaign of McClellan against Richmond had failed. The Union army was at Harrison's Landing, inactive, dispirited, wasting with sickness. There were rivalries and jealousies among the generals. The commander-in-chief gave much more of his confidence to Fitz-John Porter and Franklin than to Hooker, Heintzelman, and Kearney. Favoritism, wherever exercised, in a school or army, where obedience is required, impairs discipline. It was natural that the colonels, captains, lieutenants, and soldiers should also have prejudices either for or against the different corps commanders and the commander-in-chief. There was a marked decline in the discipline of the army, and a great deal of murmuring, especially on the part of some of the officers.

Up to this time the military campaigns had been made at hap-hazard. There had been no head. It was seen that there must be some controlling mind, and General Halleck was called to Washington by President Lincoln to give direction to military movements.

On June 26th Major-general Pope was appointed by President Lincoln commander of an army along the Rappahannock. He had three corps: Sigel's, Banks's, and McDowell's-in all, about forty-nine thousand men. General Pope was educated at West Point, was in the battle of Buena Vista, and had rendered excellent service at New Madrid, on the Mississippi, and in the capture of Island No. 10.

When the war began, President Lincoln called for seventy-five thousand soldiers.

"Where will he get them?" everybody asked; but under that call ninety-one thousand offered themselves. In July, 1861, he called for five hundred thousand, and more than seven hundred thousand enlisted. More troops were needed, not only for Virginia, but on the Mississippi, in North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Texas-in all the seceded States.

The peo

In July, 1862, he called for three hundred thousand more. ple, instead of being disheartened by the disasters that had come upon the Army of the Potomac, hastened to fill up the ranks. All over the North, in every town and village, once more was heard the drum-beat. Regiments were forming; men who had not thought of enlisting hastened to enroll their names, bidding farewell to friends, to give their lives for their country if need be. Not only three hundred thousand, but four hundred and twenty-one thousand enlisted. This was the song they sang, written by John S. Gibbons:

"We are coming, Father Abraham, three hundred thousand more,
From Mississippi's winding stream and from New England's shore;
We leave our ploughs and workshops, our wives and children dear,
With hearts too full for utterance, with but a silent tear;
We dare not look behind us, but steadfastly before-

We are coming, Father Abraham, three hundred thousand more.

"If you look all up our valleys, where the growing harvests shine,
You may see our sturdy farmer boys fast forming into line;
And children from their mothers' knees are pulling at the weeds,
And learning how to reap and sow against their country's needs;
And a farewell group stands weeping at every cottage door-
We are coming, Father Abraham, three hundred thousand more.

"You have called us, and we're coming, by Richmond's bloody tide,
To lay us down for freedom's sake, our brothers' bones beside;
Or from foul treason's savage grasp to wrench the murderer's blade,
And in the face of foreign foes its fragments to parade.

Six hundred thousand loyal men and true have gone before-
We are coming, Father Abraham, three hundred thousand more."

Confederate troops were hastening to reinforce the army of Lee. Negroes who came into McClellan's lines had great stories to tell of the immense army in Richmond. He was calling for reinforcements, and blamed the authorities as having brought about the failure of the campaign by taking away McDowell from his control. He wrote this to Secretary Stanton: "If I cannot fully control all his troops I want none of them, but would prefer to fight the battle with what I have, and let others be responsible for results." From the beginning McClellan believed that Leehad two hundred thousand men.

There were three separate armies in Virginia besides McClellan's: one in the lower Shenandoah, under Banks; one in the upper Shenandoah, under Fremont; and one at Fredericksburg, under McDowell. There was no unity of plans, and on June 26th they were placed under the command of General Pope, who issued an unfortunate address.

"I have come," he said, "from the West, where we have always seen the backs of our enemies; from an army whose business it has been to seek the adversary, and to beat him when found; whose policy has been attack, and not defence."

The officers and men thought that he was drawing unjust comparisons between the soldiers of the East and those of the West. Such was not his intention, but he did not reflect how they would receive such an address. They knew that they were brave, and an imputation that they were inferior to Western troops was very offensive.

General Halleck directed General Pope to concentrate his army and cut the railroads leading west from Richmond. Such a movement would compel General Lee to send away some of his troops.

It had that effect. Lee sent Jackson with his own corps and other troops up to Louisa Court - house the day after Pope assumed command. On June 27th he sent A. P. Hill's division. In his letter to Jackson he said, "These troops will exceed eighteen thousand men. Your command ought certainly to number that amount." This made Jackson's army thirty-six thousand besides the cavalry under Stuart.

What should be done? It was a perplexing question at Washington. General McClellan was calling for reinforcements, but there were no troops to send him. His campaign had been a failure, and Secretary Stanton and General Halleck, and the country generally, had lost confidence in him as a commander. General Halleck saw that quite likely Lee would throw an overwhelming force on Pope, and a portion of the troops. under Burnside were hurried from North Carolina to reinforce him. The