feated.-.Withdrawal of McCulloch's forces into Arkansas.-Operations in Northern Missouri. Fremont in command of the Federal forces in Missouri.-His proclamation emancipating the slaves.-Its novelty and brutality.-Repudiated at Washington. The siege of Lexington.-Its surrender to Price.-Gallantry of Col. Mulligan. -Critical position of Price.-His disappointment of Confederate succour.-His adroit retreat.-Missouri's ordinance of secession.-Fremont superseded.—Three military messengers in pursuit of him.-Excitement in his camp.-Price at Springfield. Close of the first campaign in Missouri.-The campaign, a chapter of wonders.-Missouri manhood.-The Western Virginia campaign.-Resources and wealth of the Western section of Virginia.-Wise's command.-The enemy in the Kanawha Valley.-Wise's retreat to Lewisburg.-The Floyd brigade.-Advance of the joint forces towards the Gauley.-The affair at Cross Lanes.-Movement of Rosecrans.-Affair of Carnifax Ferry.-Floyd and Wise fall back towards Sewell Mountain.-An unfortunate Quarrel of Commanders.-Operations of Gen. Lee in Northwestern Virginia.-His failure at Cheat Mountain.-Col. Rust's part in the affair.-Movement of Lee to the line of Lewisburg.-How Rosecrans escaped from him.-Engagement of the Greenbrier River.-Gen. H. R. Jackson's success.Failure of the Western Virginia campaign.-Gen. Lee's new command....... ..152 CHAPTER X. The Congress in Washington.-New development of Northern policy.-Lincoln's political discovery.-His remarkable measures of War.-An era of despotism.— Violent acts of Congress.-The seed of Abolition.-Suspension of the habeas corpus.-Curious apology for it.-Military arrests.-A "Confidential" document from McClellan.-Curious disposition of the Northern people to surrender their liberties.-Conservatism of the Confederate cause.-Lincoln's view of State "Neutrality" in the war.-Application of it to Kentucky.-The elections in Kentucky. The Confederates anticipate the Federal occupation of Kentucky.-Zollicoffer's command.-Polk's command.-Justification of the Confederate occupation. -Claims and designs of the Federals in Kentucky.-Polk's occupation of Columbus. -His proffer of withdrawal.-Arrests in Kentucky.-Despotic and brutal legislation.-Distinguished refugees.-Breckinridge's address.-Early military movements in Kentucky.-Zollicoffer's operations.-Buckner's occupation of Bowling Green.The Battle of Belmont.-Movement of U. S. Grant.-Gen. Pillow's command engaged at disadvantage.-The Confederates driven back.-Timely reinforcements.Sudden conversion of a defeat into a victory.-Retreat of Grant.-His official misrepresentation of the day.-Prospect of the war in the West... ....175 CHAPTER XI. The fickle public of the North.-Gen. Scott.-The clamour for McClellan.-His exaltation in the newspapers.-The theatrical and sensational mind of the North.Advance of the Confederates towards the Potomac.-McClellan's designs.-The Confederates fall back to Centreville.-The Battle of Leesburg.-McClellan's movement on the Confederate left.-Evans' brigade.-Fortunate capture of a Federal courier. The Federals cross the Potomac and occupy Ball's Bluff.-Splendid charge of the Confederates.-Death of Col. Baker.-The enemy driven into the River. An appalling spectacle of death.-Misrepresentations in Washington.Morale of M'Clellan's army.-The affair at Dranesville.-Defeat of Stuart"Stonewall" Jackson's new command.-His expedition from Winchester.-Terrible sufferings of his command.-His demonstration at Bath.-His movement to Romney, and return to Winchester.-Close of the First Year's Campaign in Vir ginia.-Naval operations in 1861.-The enemy's immense advantage in his navy.— Statistics of the Federal navy.-Improvidence of the Confederates in coast and river defences.-Secretary Mallory.-The Confederacy to lose all her sea-ports.Two naval expeditions down the Carolina coast.-Engagement at Hatteras Inlet.An unequal combat.-The Port Royal expedition.-Capture of Port Royal.-Value of this Federal success.-The "Trent” affair.—Capture of Commissioners Mason and Slidell.-An English commander's protest.-Great indignation in England.— Preparations there for war.-Conceit and exultation of the North.-Tributes and attentions to Capt. Wilkes.-Concern among the Confederates.-What Richmond orators said.-Seward's correspondence with the British Government.-His collapse. The last resort of demagogueism.-Disappointment of the Confederates in the termination of the "Trent" affair.-Earl Russell's declaration in Parliament.Mr. Gregory's reply.-The Treaty of Paris and the Federal blockade......... 185 CHAPTER XII. General character of the military events of the year 1862.-The Confederate situation in Kentucky.-Gen. A. S. Johnston's command and position.-Battle of Fishing Creek.-The Confederate right in Kentucky.-Gen. Crittenden's command in extreme straits.-Difficulty in subsisting it.-The decision to give battle to the enemy.-Zollicoffer's brigade.-The contested hill.-Death of Zollicoffer.--Defeat of the Confederates.-Crittenden crosses the Cumberland.-His losses.-Importance of the disaster.-Designs of the enemy in Western Kentucky.-Popular delusion as to Johnston's strength.-Hopelessness of his defence.--Official apathy in Richmond.-Beauregard's conference with Johnston.-The Tennessee and Cumberland rivers. The avenue to Nashville.--Grant's ascent of the Tennessee.-Capture of Fort Henry.-Noble and gallant conduct of Gen. Tilghman.-Battle of Fort Donelson.-Johnston's reasons for making a battle there.--Commands of Buckner, Pillow, and Floyd.-Site and strength of the fort.-Battle of the trenches.-Engagement of the gunboats.-Two days' success of the Confederates.-Suffering of the troops from cold.-Exposure of the wounded.-Federal reinforcements.—The Confederate council of war.-Plan of attack, to extricate the garrison.-A fierce and terrible conflict.-The Federals forced back towards the Wynn's Ferry Road. -The opportunity of exit lost.-Gen. Buckner's explanation.-A commentary on military hesitation.-How the day was lost.-Nine hours of combat-Scenes on the battle-field.-Council of Confederate generals.-Gen. Pillow's proposition.— Literal report of the conversation of Gens. Floyd, Pillow, and Buckner.—A surrender determined.-Escape of Floyd and Pillow.-Buckner's letter to Grant.— Johnston's movement to Nashville.-Excitement there.-Retreat of Johnston's command to Murfreesboro'.-Panic in Nashville.-Capture of Roanoke Island by the enemy.-Burnside's expedition.-Gen. Wise's estimate of the importance of Roanoke Island. His correspondence and interviews with Secretary Benjamin.-Defences of the Island.-Naval engagement.--Commodore Lynch's squadron.-Landing of the enemy on the Island.-Defective reconnoissance of the Confederates.— Their works flanked.-The surrender.-Pursuit of the Confederate gunboats.— Extent of the disaster.-Censure of the Richmond authorities.-Benjamin accused by the Confederate Congress...... CHAPTER XIII. 198 True causes of the Confederate disasters in the second year of the war.-The enemy's “Anaconda plan.”—Rebukes to the vanity of the Confederates.-The sum of their disasters. Inauguration of the Permanent Government of the Confederate States.— Gloomy scene in Capitol Square.-President Davis' speech.-Commentary of a Richmond journal.-Causes of popular animation in the Confederacy.-Development of the enemy's design upon slavery.-History of the Anti-slavery measures of Lincoln's administration.—His early declaration of non-interference with slavery. Mr. Seward in 1860.-Lincoln's statement, March 4th, 1861.-Diplomatic declaration, April, 1861.-Early affectations of Lincoln's Administration on the subject of slavery.-M'Clellan's address.-M'Dowell's order.-Revocation of the emancipation measures of Fremont and Hunter.-First act of Anti-slavery legislation at Washington.-Lovejoy's resolution.-The Anti-slavery clause in the Confiscation Act.-Three notable measures of anti-slavery legislation.-Commencement of the Emancipation policy in the District of Columbia.-Explanation of the ascendancy of the Abolition party during the war.-The new Confederate Congress.— Its vigour. The old Provisional Congress.-Its measures.-Its echoes to Federal legislation.The sequestration law.-Silly and demagogical military legislation.The "Sixty Days' furlough" law.-Alarm of Gen. Johnston.-Indisposition of Confederate volunteers to re-enlist.-The Conscription law of the Confederate States. Its timely passage.-Its provisions and effect.-Other military acts of the Confederate Congress.-Re-organization of the army.-Destruction of Southern cotton and tobacco.-Authorization of partisan service.-Alternations of Confederate victory and defeat.-The Trans-Mississippi.-Battle of Elk Horn.-Van Dorn's command. An obstinate fight.-Death of M'Culloch.-The Confederate success indecisive and imperfect.-Reasons for Van Dorn's retreat.-Confederate designs upon Missouri abandoned for the present.-Transfer of Van Dorn's and Price's forces.-Naval fight in Hampton Roads.-The Virginia and the Monitor-Lack of naval enterprise in the Confederacy.-The privateer service.-Construction of the Virginia.-Confederate squadron in the James River.-Federal fleet off Fortress Monroe.-Fearful enterprise of the Virginia.-Sinking of the Cumberland.- Gallantry of her crew.-A thrilling ccene of heroic devotion.-Surrender of the Conv gress.-Frightful scenes of carnage.-Perfidious conduct of the enemy.-The Virginia engages the Minnesota.-Wonderful results of the first day's fight.— Second day's fight.-Apparition of the Monitor.-A singular scene of naval combat.-A drawn battle.-Excitement about iron vessels.-Discussion in the newspapers.-Addition of Ironclads to the Federal navy.-What M'Clellan thought of the Virginia.-Capture of Newbern, &c.-Objects of Burnside's expedition.Branch's command at Newbern.-The Confederate works on the Neuse River.Retreat of Branch.-Federal occupation of Newbern.-Capture of Fort Macon.— The entire coast of North Carolina in possession of the enemy.-The sea-coast an unimportant part of the Confederate defences.... 214 CHAPTER XIV. The new line of Confederate defence south of Nashville.-Its objects.-Co-operation of Johnston and Beauregard.-Capture of Island No. 10 by the enemy.-Gen. Polk's evacuation of Columbus.--M'Cown's occupation of Island No. 10 and New Madrid.-Condition of the defences at these places.-Pope moving on New Madrid.-Smallness of M'Cown's force.-Pope's strength in artillery.— His occupation of Point Pleasant.-A terrific bombardment.-Evacuation of New Madrid.-Effect of this movement.-Bombardment of Island No. 10.-Gallant defence of Rucker's battery.-Transfer of a portion of M'Cown's forces to Fort Pillow. His preparations for retreat.-Gen. Mackall assigned to the defence of the Island.-Canal cut by the enemy across the Peninsula.-Two gunboats pass the Island.-Mackall's surrender.-Wretched management of the evacuation of the Island.-Great loss of Confederate artillery.-The Battle of Shiloh.-Concentration of Confederate forces at Corinth.-Grant's lines at Pittsburg.-Buell advancing from Nashville.-Design of the Confederates to attack before the junction of these forces.-Unfortunate loss of a day in the march.-The Confederate plan of battle.-The enemy driven from his encampments.-Splendid and irresistible charge of the Confederates.-Tragical death of Gen. Johnston.-The Confederates press on in their career of victory.-Grant in the last extremity of defeat. He retreats to the banks of the Tennessee.-Beauregard's order for a cessation of the conflict.-A fatal halt.-Explanation of it.-Beauregard's great mistake.-Demoralization of his troops by plunder.-Buell's forces across the Tennessee. The second day's action.-The Confederates fall back.-Overwhelming force of the enemy.-Odds of the second day's battle.-The enemy does not attempt a pursuit.-A frightful sum of carnage.-Beauregard's claim of success. -Federal interpretation of the battle.-Exultation at Washington.-Death of Johnston, a serious loss to the Confederacy.-Sketch of his military life.President Davis' tribute to the fallen hero.-His obsequies in New Orleans......232 CHAPTER XV. The military situation of the lower Mississippi.-The fall of New Orleans.-A long train of secret history of the Confederate Administration.-Sense of security in New Orleans.-Strange errour of the Richmond authorities.-Gen. Lovell's correspondence with the War Department.-Startling disclosures.-Naval structures for the defence of New Orleans.-Secretary Mallory's statement to the Confederate Congress.-Testimony of Gov. Moore, of Louisiana.-His interposition with the shipbuilders.-The ironclads Mississippi and Louisiana.-Condition of the defences of New Orleans in April, 1862.-The river obstructed by a raft.-Farragut's fleet at the mouth of the Mississippi.-Festivity in New Orleans.-Bombardment of Forts Jackson and St. Philip.-Passage of the forts by the enemy's vessels.—The Confederate gunboats all destroyed.-Confusion and panic in New Orleans.-Great conflagration in the city.-A scene of terrible grandeur.-Lovell's evacuation of New Orleans.-Disorder in New Orleans.-Farragut's correspondence with Mayor Monroe.-Why the Mayor protracted the correspondence.-A new hope of defence.-Surrender of Forts Jackson and St. Philip.--Gen. Duncan's speech on the Levee.-Farragut's ultimatum.-Hoisting of the Stars and Stripes over New Orleans-What the fall of New Orleans involved.--Note:--Gen. Lovell's reasons for evacuating New Orleans.-Rule of Butler in the conquered city.—Character and person of "The Tyrant of New Orleans." "The woman-order."-Arrest of Mayor Monroe and of various citizens.-Butler on female secessionists.-His opinion of "she-adders."-Confiscation, fines, and plunder.-Butler's decoy for assassins.—The hanging of Mumford.—His speech on the gallows.-General experience in the Confederacy of the enemy's atrocity.-New codes and methods of war. Progress of Federal cruelty...... CHAPTER XVI. 245 More than one-third of the Federal forces operating against Richmond.—M'Clellan's opinion of his army.—Its numerical strength. Official statement of Confederate forces in North Virginia.-Lincoln's order of the 22d February.—M'Clellan's dissent. When Johnston determined to change his line on the Potomac.-His prepa rations for retreat.-How it was accomplished.-M'Clellan's advance.-Discovery of Johnston's evacuation of Manassas and Centreville.-He crosses the Rappahan- nock and waits for the enemy. He penetrates M'Clellans's designs.-Federal council of war at Fairfax Court-house.-Shifting of the scenes of war in Virginia. -The Battle of Kernstown.-How "Stonewall" Jackson came to fight this battle. -Great numerical superiourity of the enemy.-The contest at the Stone Fence.- Jackson falls back to Cedar Creek.-Magruder's line on the Peninsula.-A fearful crisis. M'Clellan held in check by eleven thousand Confederates.-Outwitted again by Johnston.-Retreat of the Confederates up the Peninsula.-Strategic merit of the movement. Battle of Williamsburg.-Longstreet's division engaged.-Success of the Confederates.-M'Clellan's whole army in peril.-His flank movement on Johnston's retreat.-Engagement at Barhamsville.-The line of the Chickahominy. Johnston's brilliant strategy.-Evacuation of Norfolk.-Destruction of the Virginia. -Her last challenge to the enemy.-A galling spectacle.-Commodore Tatnall orders her destruction.-A court of inquiry.-Naval engagement at Drewry's Bluff.-A feeble barrier to Richmond.-Repulse of the Federal fleet.-What it proved.-M'Clellan's investment of the line of the Chickahominy.-Defences of Richmond.-Scenes around the Federal capital.-Alarm and excitement of its people. The exodus from Richmond.-Public meeting in the City Hall.-Noble resolution of the Legislature of Virginia.—Re-animation of the people and the authorities.-President Davis' early opinion of the effect of the fall of Richmond. -Appeals of the Richmond press.-Jackson's campaign in the Valley of Virginia.—- Jackson determines on the aggressive.-Disposition of the Federal forces west of the Blue Ridge.-Affair at M'Dowell.-Jackson deceives Banks-Surprises his rear-guard at Front Royal.-Banks' race to Winchester.-Scenes of retreat through Winchester.-Banks' quick time to the Potomac.-Extent of Jackson's success.- Fruits of two days' operations of the Confederates.-Jackson passes between the columns of Fremont and Shields.-Death of Turner Ashby.-Jackson's tribute to him.-Battles of Cross Keys and Port Republic.-Ewell defeats Fremont.-The field of Port Republic.-Ewell's arrival saves the day.-Critical and splendid action of two Virginia regiments.-Close of the Valley campaign.-Jackson's The tardiness of McClellan.-How the Confederates availed themselves of it.-Their concentration of forces at Richmond.-Strength of these forces.-Position of the two armies.-The Chickahominy and the roads crossing it.-Battle of "Seven Pines."-Failure of Gen. Huger to attack.-Gallant charge of the troops of Long- street and Hill.-Gen. Johnston wounded.-The affair of the next day.-Important change of military command.-Secret history of the attempt to limit the military power of President Davis.-A plan of Confederate politicians.-Plot against the President's power.-The new affice of Commanding-general of the Confederates.- How made nominal by President Davis.-Gen. Robert E. Lee appointed to this office. His appearance and manners.-The Seven Days' Battles around Richmond.- Lee's plan of operations.-Jackson's withdrawal from the Valley masked.-Battles of Mechanicsville and Beaver Dam.-Repulse of the Confederates at Beaver Dam Creek.-Jackson flanks the enemy's position.-McClellan's retreat to Gaines' Mills. Its strategic design.-Extraordinary strength of the new position.-Gen. Lee waiting for the great battle.-Battle of Gaines' Mills.-Heroic fight of Hill's division. The enemy gains ground.—An urgent message to Longstreet.—Jackson |