would be furnished to the Southern planters; but it is improbable such a necessity will arise. Hitherto the increased crops have been brought to market without any unusual assistance. The capital of the Northern States increased with the increase of the cotton cultivation, and the advances made to planters were profits arising from the cotton trade However, without considering special circumstances, the question of capital is disposed of by the canonthat where there is suitable land, suitable labour, and a profitable demand, capital will be attracted. Having satisfied ourselves as to the land and the demand, and the needful capital, it remains to enquire whether the Southern States will be able to find the increased labour necessary for the increased supply. That they have hitherto done so we know. What are their prospects of so doing in the future?

The following is a return of the labour population in the cotton-growing States for four decades:

From 1820 to 1830 the growth of the black population was 50 per cent.; from 1830 to 1840, 25 per cent.; and from 1840 to 1850, 40 per cent. From this we gather that the labouring population of the South is increasing with a rapidity that will be equal to the additional demand for labour.

We have, then, an increasing demand for cotton, an almost indefinite extent of land in the Southern States fit for the profitable growth of cotton; there is no lack of capital, and the supply of labour is abundant, and constantly becoming larger. In seventy years, from producing only a few bags, America has become the cotton grower for the world, and has created that industry which has attained such gigantic proportions in England. We have seen how the whole growth of the cotton trade, from the close of the last century until now, is due to the Southern States, and that the Southern States, so far from being exhausted, are in a position to yield more and more cotton, according to the exigencies of mankind. England ought especially to rejoice in the prospect of the continual developement of her cotton manufactures, for it is through her agency that India, China, and Africa are to be clothed. A great deal is said about breaking up the American monopoly. What monopoly does the South enjoy? She must sell as well as the world must buy. The

strength of the South consists in the special fecundity of her soil and climate; and such a patent of monopoly can neither be bestowed nor destroyed by man. America was the last to enter the cotton market, and at a single bound she outstrips all her competitors. The American cotton crop in 1790 was 1,500,000 lbs.; in 1860 it was 2,250,000,000 lbs. As in the past, so in the future, the Southern States will be the main source of the cotton supply, and when from war or any other catastrophe that supply is cut off, the commerce in cotton must dwindle.

Since the establishment of Christianity, the event which has had the greatest influence on the civilisation of mankind is the discovery of America. The New World was a vast, timely, and splendid addition to man's heritage. There is not a labourer or peasant in the civilised nations of the Old World, who is not better clothed, better fed, and richer, than he would have been if the New World had not existed, or had not been discovered. The advance of civilisation is the result of the growth of modern commerce, and without the cotton, not to speak of the tobacco, of America, how comparatively small would be its proportions. We have realised some of the ills that result to Europe from a war between the United States and the Confederate States, but it is impossible to imagine, much less to express, how

commerce would be dwarfed and the condition of mankind be deteriorated if the whole country should become semi-barbarous-a huge Mexico. Such a contingency is happily beyond the range of possibility, though we might reasonably dread an approximation to it, if there was a chance of the wild and unscrupulous ambition of the Northern States becoming dominant. The disintegration of the late Union, and the formation of the Southern Confederacy will make the New World more than ever a source of profit and prosperity to the Old World. This consummation will be hastened and insured by a cordial alliance between Europe and the Confederate States of America; but a cordial alliance is impossible until the prejudices instilled and fostered by Northern slanders are thoroughly eradicated by candid and patient investigation.

LONDON: September, 1862.

JOHN BAKER HOPKINS.

THE SOUTH VINDICATED.

LETTER I.

Prefatory Remarks - Slavery established in North America by Great Britain - The New Republics obliged to adopt the existing Institution-Causes of Antagonism between the White and Black Races — M. De Tocqueville on Slavery in America.

THE American-born citizen, who has been called to reside for a time in a distant country, may, after the lapse of a few years, cease to feel any great personal solicitude in regard to the mere material out of which a Presidential ticket is composed; yet he is all the more deeply concerned in observing and noting the popular impulses, the sentiments, and the purposes which animate the electors, and which are supposed to be represented by their respective candidates. However intense may have been his feelings when at home, touching the local, sectional, or personal controversies, which are often turned to account by ambitious men, as auxiliaries to their personal aggrandisement, they are softened by con

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