ville toward the Rapidan; on the north side of afternoon, Longstreet sent General Hood with which, extending along the Orange and Alex- his own and Whiting's brigade, under Colonel andria Railroad, in the direction of Culpeper Law, to relieve Trimble. Hood had just reached Court-House, the Federal army lay in great force. the position, when he and Trimble were attacked It was determined, with the cavalry, to destroy by a considerable force, which had crossed at the railroad bridge over the Rappahannock in Freeman's Ford. After a short but spirited enrear of the enemy, while Longstreet and Jack-gagement, the enemy was driven precipitately son crossed the Rapidan and attacked his left flank. The movement so explained in the accompanying order was appointed for the eighteenth of August; but the necessary preparations not having been completed, its execution was postponed to the twentieth. In the interval, the enemy being apprised of our design, hastily retreated beyond the Rappahannock. General Longstreet crossed the Rapidan at Raccoon Ford, and preceded by Fitz-Hugh Lee's cavalry brigade, arrived early in the afternoon near Kelly's Ford, on the Rappahannock, where Lee had a sharp and successful skirmish with the rear-guard of the enemy, who held the north side of the river in strong force. Jackson passed the Rapidan at Somerville Ford, and moved toward Brandy Station. Robertson's brigade of cavalry was encountered, which was gallantly attacked and driven across the Rappahannock by Robertson's command. General Jackson halted for the night near Stevensburgh, and on the morning of the at that point, by the same storm that had artwenty-first, moved upon Beverly's Ford on the Rappahannock. The Fifth Virginia cavalry, under Colonel Rosser, was sent forward by General Stuart to seize the north bank of the river at this point, and gallantly accomplished the object, capturing a number of prisoners and arms. General Stuart subsequently arrived, and being furnished by General Jackson with a section of artillery, maintained his position for several hours, skirmishing warmly with the enemy. General Robertson, who had crossed the river above Beverly's Ford, reported that the enemy was advancing in large force upon the position held by General Stuart; and as it had been determined in the mean time not to attempt the passage of the river at that point with the army, that officer withdrew to the south side. The enemy soon afterward appeared in great strength on the opposite bank, and an animated fire was kept up during the rest of the day between his artillery and the batteries attached to Jackson's leading division, under Brigadier-General Taliaferro.

over the river with heavy loss. General Jackson arrived at the Warrenton Springs Ford in the afternoon, and immediately began to cross his troops to the north side, occupying the springs and the adjacent heights. He was interrupted by a heavy rain, which caused the river to rise so rapidly that the ford soon became impassable for infantry and artillery. Under these circumstances, it was deemed advisable to withdraw the troops who had reached the opposite side, and they recrossed during the night of the twenty-third, on a temporary bridge constructed for the purpose. General Stuart, who had been directed to cut the railroad in the rear of General Pope's army, crossed the Rappahannock on the morning of the twenty-second, about six miles above the springs, with parts of Lee's and Robertson's brigade. Passing through Warrenton, he reached Catlett's Station at night, but was prevented from destroying the railroad bridge rested Jackson's movements. He captured more than three hundred prisoners, including a number of officers. Becoming apprehensive of the effect of the rain upon the streams which separated him from the main body of the army, he retired, after firing the enemy's camp, and recrossed the Rappahannock at Warrenton Springs. On the twenty-third, General Longstreet directed Colonel Walton, with part of the Washington artillery and other batteries of his command, to drive back a force of the enemy that had crossed to the south bank of the Rappahannock, near the railroad bridge, upon the withdrawal of General Jackson on the previous day. Fire was opened about sunrise, and continued with great vigor for several hours, the enemy being compelled to withdraw with loss. Some of the batteries of Colonel S. D. Lee's battalion were ordered to aid those of Colonel Walton, and, under their united fire, the enemy was forced to abandon his position on the north side of the river, burning, in his retreat, the railroad bridge As our positions on the south bank of the and the neighboring dwellings. The rise of the Rappahannock were commanded by those of the river rendering the lower fords impassable, enenemy, who guarded all the fords, it was deter-abled the enemy to concentrate his main body mined to seek a more favorable place to cross, opposite General Jackson, and on the twentyhigher up the river, and thus gain the enemy's fourth, Longstreet was ordered to proceed to his right. Accordingly, General Longstreet was di- support. Although retarded by the swollen rected to leave Kelly's Ford on the twenty-first, condition of Hazel River and other tributaries and take the position in front of the enemy in of the Rappahannock, he reached Jeffersonton the vicinity of Beverly's Ford, and the Orange in the afternoon. General Jackson's command and Alexandria Railroad bridge, then held by lay between that place and the Springs ford, and Jackson, in order to mask the movement of the a warm cannonade was progressing between the latter, who was instructed to ascend the river. batteries of A. P. Hill's division and those of the On the twenty-second, Jackson crossed Hazel enemy. The enemy was massed between WarRiver at Welford's Mill, and proceeded up the renton and the Springs, and guarded the fords. Rappahannock, leaving Trimble's brigade near of the Rappahannock as far above as Waterloo. Freeman's Ford to protect his trains. In the The army of General McClellan had left West

over, part of which had already marched to join but about midnight the place was taken with lit General Pope, and it was reported that the rest tle difficulty, those that defended it being capwould soon follow. The captured correspond-tured or dispersed. Eight pieces of artillery, with ence of General Pope confirmed this information, and also disclosed the fact that the greater part of the army of General Cox had been withdrawn from the Kanawha Valley for the same purpose. Two brigades of D. H. Hill's division, under General Ripley, had already been ordered from Richmond, and the remainder, under D. H. Hill in person, with the division of General McLaws, two brigades under General Walker, and Hampton's cavalry brigade, were now directed to join this army, and were approaching. In pursuance of the plan of operations determined upon, Jackson was directed, on the twenty-fifth, to cross above Waterloo, and move around the enemy's right, so as to strike the Alexandria and Orange Railroad in his rear. Longstreet, in the mean time, was to divert his attention by threatening him in front, and to follow Jackson as soon as the latter should be sufficiently advanced.

BATTLE OF MANASSAS.

General Jackson crossed the Rappahannock at Kinson's Mill, about four miles above Waterloo, and passing through Orlean, encamped on the night of the twenty-fifth near Salem, after a long and fatiguing march. The next morning, continuing his route with his accustomed vigor and celerity, he passed the Bull Run Mountains at Thoroughfare Gap, and proceeding by way of Gainesville, reached the railroad at Bristoe Station after sunset. At Gainesville he was joined by General Stuart, with the brigades of Robertson and Fitz-Hugh Lee, who continued with him during the rest of his operations, vigilantly and effectually guarding both his flanks.

their horses, ammunition, and equipments, were taken; more than three hundred prisoners, one hundred and seventy horses, besides those belonging to the artillery, two hundred new tents, and immense quantities of commissary and quartermaster's stores fell into our hands. General Jackson left Ewell's division, with the Fifth Virginia cavalry, under Colonel Rosser, at Bristoe Station, and with the rest of his command proceeded to the junction, where he arrived early in the morning. Soon afterward a considerable force of the enemy, under Brigadier-General Taylor, approached from the direction of Alexandria, and pushed forward boldly to recapture the stores that had been lost. After a sharp engagement, the enemy was routed and driven back, leaving his killed and wounded on the field, General Taylor himself being mortally wounded during the pursuit. The troops remained at Manassas Junction during the rest of the day, supplying themselves with every thing they required from the captured stores. In the afternoon the enemy advanced upon General Ewell at Bristoe, from the direction of Warrenton Junction. They were attacked by three regiments and the batteries of Ewell's division, and two columns, of not less than a brigade each, were broken and repulsed. Their places were soon supplied by fresh troops, and it was apparent that the Federal commander had now be come aware of the situation of affairs, and had turned upon General Jackson with his whole force. In pursuance of instructions to that ef fect, General Ewell, upon perceiving the strength of the enemy, withdrew his command, part of General Jackson was now between the large which was at the time engaged, and rejoined army of General Pope and the Federal capital. General Jackson at Manassas Junction, having Thus far no considerable force of the enemy had first destroyed the railroad bridge over Broad been encountered, and he did not appear to be Run. The enemy halted at Bristoe. General aware of his situation. Upon arriving at Bristoe, Jackson's force being much inferior to that of the greater part of the guard at that point fled; General Pope, it became necessary for him to two trains of cars coming from the direction of withdraw from Manassas and take a position Warrenton were captured, and a few prisoners west of the turnpike road from Warrenton to Alwere taken. Notwithstanding the darkness of exandria, where he could more readily unite with the night and the long and arduous march of the approaching column of Longstreet. Having the day, General Jackson determined to lose no fully supplied the wants of his troops, he was time in capturing the depot of the enemy at Ma- compelled for want of transportation to destroy nassas Junction, about seven miles distant, on the rest of the captured property. This was the road to Alexandria. General Trimble volun- done during the night of the twenty-seventh, and teered to proceed at once to that place, with the fifty thousand pounds of bacon, one thousand Twenty-first North-Carolina and the Twenty-barrels of corned beef, two thousand barrels of first Georgia regiments. The offer was accepted, and to render success more certain, General Jackson directed General Stuart to accompany the expedition with part of his cavalry, and, as ranking officer, to assume the command. Upon arriving near the junction, General Stuart sent Colonel Wickham, with his regiment, the Fourth Virginia cavalry, to get in rear of the enemy, who opened with musketry and artillery upon our troops as they approached. The darkness of the night and ignorance of the enemy's numbers and position made it necessary to move cautiously;

salt pork, and two thousand barrels of flour, besides other property of great value, were burned.

Taliaferro's division moved during the night by the road to Sudley, and crossing the turnpike near Groveton, halted on the west side, near the battle-field of July twenty-first, 1861, where it was joined, on the twenty-eighth, by the divisions of Hill and Ewell. Perceiving during the afternoon that the enemy, approaching from the direction of Warrenton, was moving down the turnpike towards Alexandria, thus exposing his left flank, General Jackson advanced to attack him. A

teries in position, but before he could complete his dispositions to attack, the enemy withdrew; not, however, without loss from our artillery. Longstreet took possession on the right of Jack

fierce and sanguinary conflict ensued, which continued until about nine o'clock P.M., when the enemy slowly fell back, and left us in possession of the field. The loss on both sides was heavy, and among our wounded was Major-General Ew-son; Hood's two brigades, supported by Evans, ell and Brigadier-General Taliaferro, the former severely. The next morning, the twenty-ninth, the enemy had taken a position to interpose his army between General Jackson and Alexandria, and about ten A.M., opened with artillery upon the right of Jackson's line. The troops of the latter were disposed in rear of Groveton, along the line of the unfinished branch of the Manassas Gap Railroad, and extended from a point a short distance west of the turnpike toward Sudley Mill-Jackson's division, under Brigadier-General Starke, being on the right; Ewell's, under General Lawton, in the centre; and A. P. Hill on the left. The Federal army was evidently concentrating upon Jackson, with the design of overwhelming him before the arrival of Longstreet. The latter officer left his position, opposite Warrenton Springs, on the twenty-sixth, being relieved by General R. H. Anderson's division, and marched to join Jackson. He crossed at Kinson's Mill in the afternoon, and encamped near Orlean that night. The next day he reached the White Plains, his march being retarded by the want of cavalry to ascertain the meaning of certain movements of the enemy from the direction of Warrenton, which seemed to menace the right flank of his column.

On the twenty-eighth, arriving at Thoroughfare Gap, he found the enemy prepared to dispute his progress. General D. R. Jones's division being ordered to force the passage of the mountain, quickly dislodged the enemy's sharp-shooters from the trees and rocks, and advanced into the gorge. The enemy held the eastern extremity of the pass in large force, and directed a heavy fire of artillery upon the road leading through it, and upon the sides of the mountain. The ground occupied by Jones afforded no opportunity for the employment of artillery. Hood, with two brigades, and Wilcox, with three, were ordered to turn the enemy's right; the former moving over the mountain by a narrow path to the left of the pass, and the latter further to the north, by Hopewell Gap. Before these troops reached their destination, the enemy advanced and attacked Jones's left, under Brigadier-General G. T. Anderson. Being vigorously repulsed, he withdrew to his position at the eastern end of the gap, from which he kept up an active fire of artillery until dark, and then retreated. Generals Jones and Wilcox bivouacked that night east of the mountain; and on the morning of the twenty-ninth the whole command resumed the march, the sound of cannon at Manassas announcing that Jackson was already engaged. Longstreet entered the turnpike near Gainesville, and moving down toward Groveton, the head of his column came upon the field in rear of the enemy's left, which had already opened with artillery upon Jackson's right as previously described. He immediately placed some of his bat

being deployed across the turnpike, and at right angles to it. These troops were supported on the left by three brigades under General Wilcox, and by a like force on the right under General Kemper. D. R. Jones's division formed the extreme right of the line, resting on the Manassas Gap Railroad. The cavalry guarded our right and left flanks; that on the right being under General Stuart in person. After the arrival of Longstreet, the enemy changed his position and began to concentrate opposite Jackson's left, opening a brisk artillery fire, which was responded to with effect by some of General A. P. Hill's batteries. Colonel Walton placed a part of his artillery upon a commanding position, between General Jackson and Longstreet, by order of the latter, and engaged the enemy vigorously for several hours. Soon afterward General Stuart reported the approach of a large force from the direction of Bristoe Station, threatening Longstreet's right. The brigades under General Wilcox were sent to reënforce General Jones, but no serious attack was made, and after firing a few shots the enemy withdrew. While this demonstration was being made on our right, a large force advanced to assail the left of Jackson's position occupied by the division of General A. P. Hill. The attack was received by his troops with their accustomed steadiness, and the battle raged with great fury. The enemy was repeatedly repulsed, but again pressed on the attack with fresh troops. Once he succeeded in penetrating an interval between General Gregg's brigade, on the extreme left, and that of General Thomas, but was quickly driven back with great slaughter by the Fourteenth South-Carolina regiment, then in reserve, and the Forty-ninth Georgia, of Thomas's brigade. The contest was close and obstinate, the combatants sometimes delivered their fire at ten paces. General Gregg, who was most exposed, was reënforced by Hay's brigade under Colonel Forno, and successfully and gallantly resisted the attack of the enemy, until the ammunition of his brigade being exhausted, and all its field-officers but two, killed or wounded, it was relieved, after several hours of severe fighting, by Early's brigade and the Eighth Louisiana regiment. General Early drove the enemy back with heavy loss, and pursued about two hundred yards beyond the line of battle, when he was recalled to the position on the railroad where Thomas, Pender, and Archer had firmly held their ground against every attack. While the battle was raging on Jackson's left, General Longstreet ordered Hood and Evans to advance, but before the order could be obeyed Hood was himself attacked, and his command at once became warmly engaged. General Wilcox was recalled from the right and ordered to advance on Hood's left; and one of Kemper's brigades, under Colonel Hunton, moved forward on his right. The enemy was repulsed by Hood

brigades, maintaing their position in line, acted with General Jackson's command.

after a severe contest, and fell back closely followed by our troops. The battle continued until nine P.M., the enemy retreating until he reached The obscurity of night and the uncertainty of a strong position which he held with a large force. the fords of Bull Run, rendered it necessary to The darkness of the night put a stop to the engage- suspend operations until morning, when the cavment, and our troops remained in their advanced alry, being pushed forward, discovered that the position until early next morning, when they were enemy had escaped to the strong position of withdrawn to their first line. One piece of artil- Centreville, about four miles beyond Bull Run. lery, several stands of colors, and a number of The prevalence of a heavy rain which began durprisoners were captured. Our loss was severe in ing the night, threatened to render Bull Run imthis engagement; Brigadier-Generals Field and passable, and impeded our movements. LongTrimble, and Colonel Forno, commanding Hay's street remained on the battle-field to engage the brigade, were severely wounded, and several other attention of the enemy, and cover the burial of valuable officers killed or disabled whose names the dead and the removal of the wounded, while are mentioned in the accompanying reports. Jackson proceeded by Sudley's Ford to the Little On the morning of the thirtieth the enemy again River turnpike to turn the enemy's right and inadvanced, and skirmishing began along the line. tercept his retreat to Washington. Jackson's The troops of Jackson and Longstreet maintained progress was retarded by the inclemency of the their positions of the previous day. Fitz-Hugh weather and the fatigue of his troops, who, in Lee, with three regiments of his cavalry, was addition to their arduous marches, had fought posted on Jackson's left, and R. H. Anderson's three severe engagements in as many days. He division, which arrived during the forenoon, was reached Little River turnpike in the evening, and held in reserve near the turnpike. The batteries the next day, September first, advanced by that of Colonel S. D. Lee took the position occupied road toward Fairfax Court-House. The enemy the day before by Colonel Walton, and engaged in the mean time was falling back rapidly toward the enemy actively until noon, when firing ceased and all was quiet for several hours.

Washington, and had thrown out a strong force to Germantown, on the Little River turnpike, to About three P.M., the enemy having massed cover his line of retreat from Centreville. The his troops in front of General Jackson, advanced advance of Jackson's column encountered the against his position in strong force. His front enemy at Ox Hill, near Germantown, about five line pushed forward until engaged at close quar- P.M. Line of battle was at once formed, and two ters by Jackson's troops, when its progress was brigades of A. P. Hill's division, those of Branch checked and a fierce and bloody struggle ensued. and Field, under Colonel Breckenbrough, were A second and third line of great strength moved thrown forward to attack the enemy and ascerup to support the first, but in doing so, came tain his strength and position. A cold and within easy range of a position a little in advance drenching rain-storm drove in the faces of our of Longstreet's left. He immediately ordered up troops as they advanced and gallantly engaged two batteries, and two others being thrown for the enemy. They were subsequently supported ward about the same time by Colonel S. D. Lee, by the brigades of Gregg, Thomas, and Pender under their well-directed and destructive fire the also of Hill's division, which, with part of Ewell's, supporting lines were broken and fell back in became engaged. The conflict was obstinately confusion. Their repeated efforts to rally were maintained by the enemy until dark, when he reunavailing; and Jackson's troops, being thus re- treated, having lost two general officers, one of lieved from the pressure of overwhelming num- whom, Major-General Kearny, was left dead on bers, began to press steadily forward, driving the the field. Longstreet's command arrived after enemy before them. He retreated in confusion, the action was over, and the next morning it was suffering severely from our artillery which ad- found that the enemy had conducted his retreat vanced as he retired. General Longstreet, antici- so rapidly that the attempt to intercept him was pating the order for a general advance, now threw abandoned. The proximity of the fortifications his whole command against the Federal centre around Alexandria and Washington rendered furand left. Hood's two brigades, followed by ther pursuit useless, and our army rested during Evans's, led the attack. R. H. Anderson's divi- the second near Chantilly, the enemy being folsion came gallantly to the support of Hood, while lowed only by the cavalry, who continued to harthe three brigades under Wilcox moved forward ass him until he reached the shelter of his inon his left, and those of Kemper on his right. trenchments. In the series of engagements on D. R. Jones advanced on the extreme right, and the plains of Manassas, more than seven thousand the whole line swept steadily on, driving the ene-prisoners were taken, in addition to about two my with great carnage from each successive position until ten P.M., when darkness put an end to the battle and the pursuit. During the latter part of the engagement General Wilcox with his own brigade was ordered to the right, where the resistance of the enemy was most obstinate, and rendered efficient assistance to the troops engaged on that part of the line. His other two

thousand wounded left in our hands. Thirty pieces of artillery, upward of twenty thousand stand of small-arms, numerous colors, and a large amount of stores, besides those taken by General Jackson at Manassas Junction, were captured.

The history of the achievements of the army from the time it advanced from Gordonsville,

leaves nothing to be said in commendation of the courage and fortitude of both officers and men. The accompanying reports of the medical director will show the number of our killed and wounded. Among them will be found the names of many valuable and distinguished officers, who bravely and faithfully discharged their duty, and, with the gallant soldiers who fell with them, have nobly deserved the love and gratitude of their country

men.

ductive districts made accessible to our army. To prolong a state of affairs in every way desirable, and not to permit the season for active operations to pass without endeavoring to inflict further injury upon the enemy, the best course appeared to be the transfer of the army into Maryland.

ble.

Although not properly equipped for invasion, lacking much of the material of war, and feeble in transportation, the troops poorly provided with The reports of the several commanding officers clothing, and thousands of them destitute of must necessarily be referred to for the names of shoes, it was yet believed to be strong enough to those whose services were most conspicuous. detain the enemy upon the northern frontier unThe list is too long for enumeration here. Dur- til the approach of winter should render his ading all these operations the cavalry under Gen-vance into Virginia difficult if not impracticaeral Stuart, consisting of the brigades of Generals Robertson and Fitz-Hugh Lee, rendered most The condition of Maryland encouraged the important and valuable service. It guarded the belief that the presence of our army, however inflanks of the army, protected its trains, and gave ferior to that of the enemy, would induce the information of the enemy's movements. Besides Washington Government to retain all its availaengaging the cavalry of the enemy on several ble force to provide against contingencies which occasions, with uniform success, a detachment its course toward the people of that State gave it under the gallant and lamented Major Patrick, assisted by Stuart's horse artillery, under Major Pelham, effectually protected General Jackson's trains against a body of the enemy who penetrated to his rear on the twenty-ninth, before the arrival of General Longstreet. Toward the close of the action on the thirtieth, General Robertson, with the Second Virginia regiment, under Colonel Munford, supported by the Seventh and Twelfth, made a brilliant charge upon a brigade of the enemy's cavalry, Colonel Munford leading with great gallantry and completely routing it. Many of the enemy were killed and wounded, more than three hundred prisoners were captured, and the remainder pursued beyond Bull Run. The reports of General Stuart and the officers under his command, as well as that of General Jackson, are referred to for more complete details of these and other services of the cavalry.

reason to apprehend. At the same time it was hoped that military success might afford us an opportunity to aid the citizens of Maryland in any efforts they might be disposed to make to recover their liberty. The difficulties that surrounded them were fully appreciated, and we expected to derive more assistance in the attainment of our object from the just fears of the Washington Government, than from any active demonstration on the part of the people, unless success should enable us to give them assurance of continued protection. Influenced by these considerations, the army was put in motion. D. H. Hill's division, which had joined us on the second, being in advance, and, between the fourth and seventh of September, crossed the Potomac at the ford near Leesburgh, and encamped in the vicinity of Fredericktown.

It was decided to cross the Potomac east of the Blue Ridge, in order, by threatening Wash

CAPTURE OF HARPER'S FERRY AND OPERATIONS IN ington and Baltimore, to cause the enemy to

MARYLAND.

The enemy having retired to the protection of the fortifications around Washington and Alexandria, the army marched, on the third September, toward Leesburgh.

The armies of Generals McClellan and Pope had now been brought back to the point from which they set out on the campaigns of the spring and summer. The objects of those campaigns had been frustrated, and the designs of the enemy on the coast of North-Carolina and in Western Virginia thwarted by the withdrawal of the main body of his forces from those regions. North-eastern Virginia was freed from the presence of Federal soldiers up to the intrenchments of Washington, and soon after the arrival of the army at Leesburgh, information was received that the troops which had occupied Winchester had retired to Harper's Ferry and Martinsburgh.

The war was thus transferred from the interior to the frontier, and the supplies of rich and pro

withdraw from the south bank, where his presence endangered our communications and the safety of those engaged in the removal of our wounded and the captured property from the late battle-field. Having accomplished this result, it was proposed to move the army into Western Maryland, establish our communications with Richmond, through the valley of the Shenandoah, and by threatening Pennsylvania, induce the enemy to follow, and thus draw him from his base of supplies.

It had been supposed that the advance upon Fredericktown would lead to the evacuation of Martinsburgh and Harper's Ferry, thus opening the line of communication through the Valley. This not having occurred, it became necessary to dislodge the enemy from those positions before concentrating the army west of the mountains.

To accomplish this with the least delay, General Jackson was directed to proceed with his command to Martinsburgh, and, after driving the enemy from that place, to move down the south side of the Potomac upon Harper's Ferry. Gen