of the goat Amalthea, which Homer usually represents as a part of the armor of Jupiter; hence the epithet aegis-bearing, aiyloxos. But Homer also connects it with Minerva, e. g. Il. 2, 447; compare Virg. Aen. 8, 435. Thus she is arrayed in several extant antique statues, for illustrations of which see Dict. Antiqq. p. 26. Another statue, not there referred to, is preserved in the Vatican Museum, called the Minerva Medica, the finest draped statue in Rome. 14. Caesariem. Mostly a poetic word. The generic word crinis Horace uses below, 1. 20; and also, in reference to Paris, in O. iv., 9, 13.- 15. Divides. The simple and ordinary meaning of dividere is here the best; to distribute, to sing now to one, now to another. Feminis is so placed as to depend alike upon grata and divides. In this address to Paris, Horace imitates Homer, Il. 3, 54 seqq. Dillenb. has well given the sentiment of the stanza: Nihil in pugna valet forma aut cantus, quibus in thalamis mulierculae, non in campis viri vincuntur. — 17. Cnosii. Cnosus, a city of Crete, which abounded in the calamus, of which arrows were made. The Cretans were celebrated as bowmen. Comp. O. iv., 9, 17. -19. Ajacem. The son of Oileus. dat. see Z. 681.. -24. first foot is a trochee. Iliacas being the correct reading. and many passages. Auriga is in apposition to Sthenelus. -31. Sublimi-anhelitu. The image is that of a stag exhausted with running, and pausing for a moment and throwing up its head, to breathe more easily and recover itself. -32. Non-tuae. Words of bitter reproach. in Il. 3, 430 seqq. -34. Achillei. See n. See above, n. on 1. 24.

Comp. Homer, Il. 2, 527. - -22. Genti. For Teucer et. This is the true reading. The So also below, 1. 36, where ignis is a trochee, -25. Sive. Or if ; as in O. i., 2, 33,

Comp. the words of Helen 1. i., 6, 7. -36. Ignis.

The poet, recanting in a penitent mood some earlier satiric effusion, dilates upon the ehement nature, and upon the source and the sad effects of unbridled anger.

The whole ode is full of irony, with all its elaborate gravity.

-5.

Dillenburger

2. Criminosis. Abusive. Comp. Ars. P. 79. points to the art exhibited in this and the next stanza; the former has four illustrations, each preceded by non, to which correspond four in the latter, each in turn preceded by neque or nec. The force of the arrangement will be felt by translating according to the Latin order. Dindymene. Cybele, so called from Mt. Didymus in Phrygia, the chief seat of her worship. 6. Incola Pythius. The indwelling Pythian Apollo; by whom the priests were inspired. The gen. sacerdotum de

pends alike upon incola and mentem; a construction suggested by Dillenburger. In support of this construction, Lübker cites Horace, O. iii., 10, 3; also Pliny Nat. Hist. iii., 19, 23, Addua, Ticinus, Mincius, omnes Padi incolae; and ib. 12, 37, quae (arbores) incolarum esse numero esse coepere.—Orelli explains thus: qui incolit adyta, in his quatit.- 8. Corybantes; the priests of Cybele; aera, the cymbals, which they used at their festivals. See Dict. Antiqq. p. 314.. 9. Noricus ensis. The iron of Noricum was in high repute.- -13. Fertur, etc. In this stanza, Horace gives a version of his own to the story of Prometheus, which is in admirable keeping with the ironical tone of the whole ode. The extravagant language in the preceding line, Jupiter—tumultu, for the thunderbolts of heaven, illustrates well the same point.-The punctuation of the stanza indicates the construction; et has the orce of etiam. -17. Thyesten. See n. on O. i., 6, 8.- 18. Ultimae-cur, etc. Ultimae, literally, the farthest, and therefore the first; the ultimate The verb stare means here to remain unchanged. So in Virgil, Aen. 1, 268, res stetit Ilia regno; and ib. 2, 88; also 7, 553. Translate, Have ever remained the ultimate cause, why lofty cities, etc.. -21. Hostile aratrum. A very ancient, and a most impressive emblem of the utter ruin of a city. Comp. the scriptural expression, Jeremiah xxvi., 8: "Zion shall be ploughed like a field;" and Propertius, iii., 9, 41, Moenia cum graio Neptunia pressit aratro Victor Palladiae ligneus artis equus. -25. Mitibus. In abl., depending upon mutare, which is construed like verbs of selling. See Z. § 456; and comp. next ode, 2, and O. iii., 1, 47; and Epod. 9, 27.

causes.

ODE XVII.

Horace invites Tyndaris to his Sabine farm, and describes the air of tranquillity and security which pervades the place, blessed as it is with the presence and protection of the rural deities.

1. Lucretilem-Lycaco; by enallage, for Lucretili-Lycaeum. See Z. 456, as referred to in preceding ode, 1. 25. The Lucretilis was a hill near the poet's farm. Horace has minutely described the position of his farm in Epist. 1, 16. Lycaeus, a mountain in Arcadia, was sacred to Pan, the same deity as Faunus, the latter being the Latin name. 3. Defendit. For the construction of nouns with defendere, see Z. § 469.

4. Usque. Used poetically for semper. So also, Sat. i., 9, 15 and 19; Epist. i., 10, 24. For the difference between the words, see Doederlein.- -9. Martiales. An epithet frequently used with lupus; doubtless from the fierceness of the animal. Comp. Virg. Aen. 9, 566; also,

ib. 8, 631.- - Haediliae. This is the reading of all the MSS. All other readings are only conjectural. Haedilia is probably the name of a hill or a valley near the poet's farm. -11. Usticae cubantis. Of the sloping Ustica. Ustica was the name of a neighboring hill and adjoining valley. -15. Ad plenum. Adverbially for abundanter. -Benigno-cornu. The Cornu Copiae. See Carm. Sec. 60; Epist. i., 12, 29. The story was, that Hercules contended with Achelous, who had assumed the form of a bull, and having conquered him, carried off one of his horns; and that this was afterwards given by the Naiads to the Goddess of Plenty.-See Class. Dict., Achelous. 17. Reducta. Retired. 18. Fide Teia. On the Teian lyre. Teia, in allusion to the poet Anacreon, who was born at Teos. 20. Vitream. Literally, glassy, but here, figuratively, beautiful, from the brightness and transparent clearness of glass. -22. Semeleius-Thyoneus. Two epithets of Bacchus from Semele, and Thyone, a name given to Semele, and derived from Dvew. - 26. Incontinentes.

Wanton.

ODE XVIII.

The poet, in recommending Varus to cultivate the vine on his estate at Tibur, at first pleasantly contends for the rightful uses of wine, and then describes the folly and madness of excess in drinking.

What Varus this was, is uncertain; it is generally supposed that he was the person to whom Horace refers as a critic in Ars. P. 438, and whose death he mourns in the 24th ode of this book.

1. Vite. note.

Severis.

3. Nam.

See Z. § 529, Nam in prose

themselves - Nequethe use of 8. Super

See n. on laudibus, O. i., 12, 14. 2. Catili. See n. O. i., 7, 13. takes the first place in a sentence; but the poets allowed more freedom. Comp. O. iv., 14, 9; Epod. 14, 6; 17, 45. aliter. That is, than by the cultivation of the grape, and wine; in direct reference to the words in the first line. mero. The use of the abl. with super, in the sense of over, is unusual. See Z. 320. Dillenb. refers to Virg. Aen. 9, 61, nocte super media.9. Sithoniis. A Thracian people, who often came to deadly quarrels over their cups. See O. i., 27, 1. Tacitus says of the ancient Germans: Crebrae, ut inter vinolentos, rixae, raro conviciis, saepius caede et vulneribus transiguntur. Germ. c. 22. Evius. An epithet of Bacchus, from the Bacchanalian cry, evoî, evoe; another is Bassarcu just below, from Baooápa, a female bacchanal. 10. Exiguo fine libidinum. By the narrow limit of their depraved desires; that is, the limit fixed by their desires. -11. Candide. Fair. So Ovid, Fast. 3, 772, Candide Bacche. -12. Quatiam-rapiam. In the celebration of the orgies of

Bacchus, the thyrsi were shaken as they were carried about in the procession, and the sacred symbols were carried in baskets, covered with ivy and vine-leaves. Hence Horace says, non-sub divum rapiam, because the exposure of these mysterious symbols was deemed impious. See Dict. Antiqq., Thyrsus; and p. 363.- - 13. Berecyntio. From Berecyntus, a mountain in Phrygia, where Cybele was worshipped.

ODE XIX.

The poet, who had fancied that his loves were ended, finds himself again led captive, by the charms of Glycera. He therefore resolves on a sacrifice to Venus, with the hope that it may render this new visitation a gentle one.-The words in the first line occur again in O. iv., 1, 5.

5. Glycerae. A fictitious name, formed from yλvкepά. It occurs also in Terence, Ovid, and Tibullus. 6. Pario marmore. The marble from the island of Paros was of the best quality, and was chiefly used in statuary. It retained its beauty even better than the famed Pentelican. The celebrated Venus di Medici is of Parian marble. 11. Versis-equis Parthum. The Parthians were celebrated for the deadly aim with which they discharged their arrows, even when on the retreat. To this circumstance Virgil alludes, Georg. 3, 31. Comp. also n. O. i., 2, 51.- -14. Verbenas. Verbenae (vervain) was used for all green herbs, and for the leaves and boughs of trees, taken from a sacred place and for sacred purposes. Comp. Livy, 1, 24; Virg. 12, 120.

ODE XX.

In this little ode, Horace invites Maecenas to his Sabine farm; telling him at the same time, in the familiar tone of friendship, that he must expect only such cheer as may be yielded by the common wine, vin du pays, of the Sabine hills.

1. Vile Sabinum. The Sabine wine was held in low estimation, especially when it was new. The Sabine of four years' age is however drunk by Horace and his friends; see O. i., 9, 7.- -2. Graeca-testa. Graeca, perhaps because it had once contained some choice Greek wine; which gave a flavor to the Sabine. Testa, like fictile, is a general word for earthen-ware; the modern terra cotta.. 3. Levi. From lino. Sealed up. The amphorae were stopped tight by a plug of cork, and then smeared over with pitch to make them impervious to the air. They were then put in the apotheca. See n. O. iii., 8, 11. The amphora

was tall, and was furnished with two handles; it was made narrow at the top, swelling in width towards the middle, and thence tapering and finally terminating in a point, so that it might be stuck into the ground, or into a stand. Some of these are still seen, standing upright, in the cellar of the "House of Diomed" at Pompeii. See Dict. Antiqq., Amphora; also ib. p. 1052.- -5. Eques. Horace was fond of using this and similar expressions, from the fact of Maecenas always preferring to remain in the equestrian order. Comp. O. iii., 16, 20. – Paterni. Because the Tiber flows from Etruria, the country of Maecenas's ancestors. 8. Imago. Comp. n. O. i., 12, 3. The Mons Vaticanus, on the right bank of the Tiber, was a continuation of the Janiculum, towards the north. The probable derivation of the word is vates. On this hill stand St. Peter's, and the adjoining palace of the Pope, with its galleries and gardens, known by the name of the Vatican. From its mention here, the theatre referred to would seem to have been the Theatre of Pompey, as this was in the Campus Martius, opposite the Vatican hill.Horace has in Vaticani the second syllable short, but Juvenal and Martial both have it long. 9. In this stanza, are mentioned four of the best Italian wines. The Caecubian was grown in a district near Amyclae; the Calenian at Cales, close by the ager Falernus; the Formian at Formiae, near the gulf of Caieta, the modern Mola di Gaeta. For the Falernian, see n. O. i., 1, 19.- 10. Bibes. The future has the same force as laudabunt, in O. i., 7, 1. May drink; i. e. at your own home you can drink of those more costly wines; and such are always at your command. -11. Temperant; literally mix, i. e. with water. Fill.

ODE XXI.

In this ode, the poet celebrates the honors of Apollo and Diana, adopting for his pur. pose the form of an address to such a chorus of young men and maidens as were wont to sing at solemn festivals.

2. Intonsum. This epithet is used of Apollo, to express the poetic idea of his perpetual youth. · -4. Jovi. Dat., as often in poetry, instead of abl. with a or ab. See A. & S. ( 225, ii. ; Z. § 419. - 5. Coma. The abl. here is joined with laetus, in the same way as with the verb laetari. In both cases, it is a particular application of the ablative of cause. Krüger, 388, 2, states the rule for both adjectives and verbs. Comp. A. & S. § 245, ii.; Z. § 452. - -6. Algido. Mt. Algidus was in Latium, about twenty miles from Rome; now called Monte Porzio. 7. Erymanthi. This hill was in Arcadia. - -8. Silvis. Silva is the