two vessels with emigrants for the American coast; and, landing, gave to the whole country the name of Virginia, from which the two states of North and South Carolina were subsequently formed. The first effort of Raleigh, like that of Ribault, was a disastrous failure; and the emigrants, worn out by disappointment, fatigue, and hunger, returned to England. Undeterred by the discouragements which had been fatal to the first expedition, Raleigh, in 1587, equipped another company of adventurers, who endeavoured to establish themselves at Roanoke, near Cape Hatteras, where they had landed on the 22nd of July. This effort, like the first, was unsuccessful: the colonists were either starved or destroyed by the Indians; and, during a space of twenty years, no further attempt was made to plant an English colony in America.

Omitting further reference here to the establishment of European colonies upon the vast continent, we arrive at the period when Carolina was first named as a separate state; namely, in the year 1638, when Charles I. granted to Sir Robert Heath, then attorney-general, a range of territory on the North American continent, stretching to the southward of Virginia, from the 36th degree of north latitude, by the name of Carolina. Little was done towards forming a settlement under this grant; but, between the years 1640 and 1650, many persons, suffering from religious intolerance in Virginia, fled beyond her limits, and occupied a portion of North Carolina, north of Albemarle Sound. In 1670, the settlement had assumed a permanent character at Port Royal, on the right bank of the Rappahannock river, twenty-two miles below the

site of the present town of Fredericsburg. A constitution was drawn up for the colonists by John Locke, in 1665, which was found too Utopian in its principles to be reduced to practice. The distinctive appellations of North and South Carolina came into use about the same time. South Carolina continued to be a proprietary government until 1719, when it became a royal colony. Subsequently, it joined in the resistance to British rule, and formed its own independent and sovereign government. This state has an area of about 29,885 square miles.

South Carolina is naturally divided into three zones. The maritime zone rises by a very gentle acclivity from the ocean; the rivers are shallow near their mouths, and much of the surface is flooded by the tides and land floods. This outer belt is followed, about the lower falls of the rivers, by a still more sandy zone, which is in turn succeeded by the hilly tract between the head of tides and the mountains. The third, or mountain tract, with the exception of the mountain ridges and a still increased elevation, differs in no essential respect from the middle or hilly zone. Both the latter sections of South Carolina partake of the general diversity of surface, salubrity of climate, and fertility of soil, which distinguishes the verge of the Appalachian system in all its length. The extreme north-western part of South Carolina is on the great table-land from which the sources of the Tennessee flow north and north-west; those of the Chatahooche, from south-west; and those of the Savannah and Santee, southeast.

The soil of South Carolina is divided into six classes :

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1. Tide swamp. 2. Inland swamp. 3. High river swamp, or low grounds, distinguished by the name of second low grounds. 4. Salt marsh. 5. Oak and hickory high land. 6. Pine barren. The first two classes are peculiarly adapted to the culture of rice and hemp; the third is most favourable to the growth of hemp, corn, and indigo. The oak and hickory land is remarkably fertile, and well adapted to the culture of corn, as well as indigo and cotton. The pine barren, though the least productive, is so much more salubrious than the other soils in the low country, that a proportion of it is an appendage indispensable to every swamp plantation. The staple commodities of this state are cotton and rice, of which great quantities are annually exported. These articles have so engrossed the attention of planters, that the culture of wheat, barley, oats, and other crops equally useful, but less profitable, has been neglected. Cotton was not raised in any considerable quantities till so late as 1795; and before that period indigo was, next to rice, the most important article of produce; but it is now neglected. Tobacco thrives well. The fruits which flourish best are pears, pomegranates, and water-melons: the latter, in particular, grow to an enormous size, and are superior, perhaps, to any in the world. Other fruits are figs, apricots, nectarines, apples, peaches, olives, almonds, and oranges.

The period of vegetation comprehends, in favourable years, from seven to eight months, commencing in January or February, and terminating in October or November. The frosts generally, in the months of November, December, January, and February, are too severe for the

delicate production of more southern latitudes. The low country is seldom covered with snow, but the mountains near the western boundary often are. Frost sometimes occurs, but seldom penetrates deeper than two inches, or lasts longer than three or four days. At some seasons, and particularly in February, the weather is very variable. The temperature has been known to vary 46° in one day. In Charleston, for seven years, the thermometer was not known to rise above 93°, or to fall below 17° above 0. The number of extremely hot days in Charleston is seldom more than thirty in one year. The low country is infested with all the diseases which spring from a warm, moist, and unelastic atmosphere. The districts of the upper country enjoy as salubrious a climate as any part of the United States.

The present constitution of the state of South Carolina was framed in June, 1790. It was amended in 1808, and again in 1816. The powers of government are vested in the legislative, executive, and judiciary departments. The legislative is called a general assembly, meets annually, and consists of a senate and House of Representatives. The former is composed of forty-six members, elected for a term of four years; and the latter of 124 members, elected for a term of two years. Every free white man, of the age of twenty-one years (paupers and non-commissioned officers, and private soldiers of the army of the United States, excepted), being a citizen of the state, and possessing a freehold of fifty acres of land, or a town lot, is a qualified voter. The state is divided into judicial districts. The Court of Appeals is composed of a chief

justice, and two associate justices. The governor is elected by the senate and House of Representatives jointly, for a term of two years.

PENNSYLVANIA.

At an early period in the settlement of America, the territory of Pennsylvania was claimed by the Dutch, upon the grounds of first occupancy on the Delaware river. The Swedes, in 1631, contested the right; and, in 1640, the English, from New Haven, alleged a claim under the law of discovery. Governor Stuyvesant, of the Dutch at New Amsterdam (now New York), in 1655, took forcible possession of the Swedish settlements on the west bank of the Delaware, claiming the whole as within the jurisdiction of New Netherlands. The patent given to the Duke of York, in 1664, by Charles II., embraced the territory claimed by the Dutch on the Hudson and the Delaware rivers. In 1675, the western part of Pennsylvania was sold to Edward Bylinge, of the Society of Friends, for whom William Penn became trustee; and, in 1681, the king gave to William Penn a patent for the eastern lands, which were named Pennsylvania. Penn proceeded immediately to encourage emigration, and peace with the Indians. He devised a system of government, and a code of laws. The lands on the south side of the Delaware, embraced within the patent of the Duke of York, were purchased by Penn; and, in August, 1682, with 2,000 emigrants, he sailed for America. After his arrival, he made a treaty with the Indians, and organised his colony upon equitable principles. An assembly was formed, and