Pennsylvania volunteers. Fourteen regiments were summoned from this State, and 25 responded; and out of the surplus Gov. Curtin organized

the famous Pennsylvania Reserves.

The records of the Pennsylvania regiments are preserved in five imperial octavo volumes of 1,000 pages each, issued by the State. Her contribution to the National armies numbered 362, 284 men, besides 25,000 militia in 1862. Again and again her lower counties were invaded by daring Southern raiders. Chambersburg was captured by 2,000 Confederate cavalry, October 10, 1862, and vast Government stores destroyed. In June, 1863, Jenkins and 1,800 Southern riders pillaged the town, and were followed by Lee's great army. Thirteen months later, Gen. McCausland captured the town and burnt it to the ground, inflicting a loss of $3,000,000. June 16, 1863, Ewell's Confederate corps occupied Carlisle and burned the bridge and barracks, shelling the town through a long summer

afternoon. After the defeat of the National army at Chancellorsville, Gen. Lee invaded Pennsylvania with a powerful army of Southern veterans, and over-ran the Cumberland and lower Susquehanna Valleys. The Army of the Potomac kept to the eastward, to cover Washington, Baltimore and Philadelphia. The two hosts came into conflict around Gettysburg, and made immortal the name of the peaceful little Pennsylvania village. The battle lasted through July 1, 2, and 3, 1863. ALLEGHENY MOUNTAINS: THE HORSE-SHOE CURVE. The Confederates had 73,000 engaged; the Federal forces numbered 82,000. In the first day's battle the First (Reynolds's) and Eleventh (Howard's) Federal Corps were defeated and driven through Gettysburg, the First being almost annihilated. The second day passed in bitter fighting around Little Round Top (defended by Sickles's Third Corps against the flower of the Southern army), and in Ewell's unavailing assaults on Cemetery Hill. A little after noon on the third day, Lee opened against the National center a tremendous cannonade from 115 guns, which shook the valley for two hours, at the end of which, Pickett and his magnificent division of Virginians swept across the plain and up the heights, and broke through the Federal lines. But their losses during the charge had been appalling; the supporting brigades gave way; and the Federal batteries and brigades hurried forward from right and left, and enwalled Pickett with fire. Most of his heroes were made prisoners, or slain on the field. The next day, Lee retreated with his broken army through the mountains. Gen. Doubleday, the historian of the battle, endorses the Count de Paris's estimates of the losses in the Gettysburg campaign: Federal, 2,834 killed, 13,709 wounded, and 6,643 missing (total, 23, 186); Confederate, 2,665 killed, 12, 599 wounded, and 7,464 missing (total, 22,728).

The Soldiers' National Cemetery covers 17 acres of the Federal lines in the great battle, with the graves of 3,575 soldiers. Eighteen States are

THE SUSQUEHANNA RIVER.

represented: New York with 867 graves, Pennsylvania with 555, Michigan with 175, and Massachusetts with 158, being the chief. The States bore the cost of thus caring for their dead children; and in 1872 the Nation took charge of the cemetery. Near the semi-circle of graves rises the National monument, of gray Westerly granite, crowned by a colossal marble statue of the Genius of Liberty, and surrounded by marble statues of War, History, Peace and Plenty. Here, also, stands J. Q. A. Ward's bronze statue of Gen. John F. Reynolds, one of the slain in the first day's fight. The cemetery was dedicated a year or so after the battle, and on this field President Lincoln delivered his immortal address: "Fellow Citizens: Fourscore and seven years ago our fathers brought forth upon this continent a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We are met to dedicate a portion of it as a final resting-place of those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But in a larger sense we cannot dedicate, we cannot consecrate, we cannot hallow this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it far above our power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us, the living, rather to be dedicated here to the unfinished work that they have thus so far nobly carried on. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us— that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to the cause for which they here gave the last full measure of devotion - that we here highly resolve that the dead shall not have died in vain; that the nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom; and that the government of the people, by the people, and for the people, shall not perish from the earth."

Since the dawn of peace, Pennsylvania has pursued the even tenor of her way, developing her famous mines and manufactures, under the fostering care of National tariffs. This noble and historic State abounds in memorials of its ancient days, like the famous old taverns of Chester, the White Horse, Red Lion, Unicorn, Hammer and Trowel, Compass, Turk's Head, The Bull, and others; the century-old houses of Chester, still scarred with the British bombardment; the headquarters of Washington and Lafayette, on the Brandywine (Andrew Braindwine's Creek, of the ancient records); the home of Washington during the weary winter of 1777-8, at Valley Forge; the Chew mansion, whose solid stone walls enabled the British troops to check the victorious Americans, at Germantown; venerable churches like St. David's at Radnor (built in 1715), the Old Swedes and Christ Church, in Philadelphia, and the gray old shrines of Bristol; the colonial houses of Bedford and the valley towns; and scores of historic mansions about Philadelphia. Independence Hall was built at Philadelphia in 1732-35, as the seat of the Provincial Government, and is sacredly preserved. Within its venerable walls the Second Continental Congress convened, in 1776, and adopted the Declaration of Independence, which was read to the assembled citizens in the State-House yard. The hall contains portraits of the signers of the Declaration, and many interesting historical relics. The First Continental Congress met in 1774, in Carpenters' Hall, which is still preserved, at Philadelphia, with its memories of Patrick Henry, John Hancock and Sam. Adams. Overlooking Lake Erie, near the city of Erie, stands a quaint memorial blockhouse, armed with four cannon, erected by the State in honor of its Revolutionary hero, Anthony Wayne. Gen. Grant's headquarters during the siege of Richmond has been brought from City Point and set up in Fairmount Park, Philadelphia. William Penn's house, longtime the home of the founder of Pennsylvania, has also been removed to the Park. Scores of monuments in all parts of the State, at Allegheny City, Lancaster, Carlisle, Erie, Norristown and elsewhere, commemorate the valor of its volunteers in the great civil war. Other monumental shafts at Harrisburg and Paoli, and in the Valley of Wyoming and other places preserve the memories of earlier conflicts and other heroes.

The Name, Pennsylvania, means the Sylvan Places (or Woodlands) of Penn, and was given by King Charles II. of England. The Penn so commemorated was not the William Penn who founded the Commonwealth, but his father, Admiral Penn, whom the King greatly esteemed. William Penn wished to have the country named New Wales, but the Secretary, a Welshman himself, refused to allow it; and then Penn suggested Sylvania as an appropriate name, and the King prefixed it with Penn. The name of THE KEYSTONE STATE arises from the fact that Pennsylvania is the seventh in geographical order of the 13 original States. As such, her name was cut on the keystone of the bridge between Washington and Georgetown. Another reason is that the final vote of her delegation secured the adoption of the Declaration of Independence in the Continental Congress, thus crowning Pennsylvania as the Keystone of the arch of Liberty.

KINZUA VIADUCT.

The Arms of Pennsylvania were devised in 1779, and display a ship in full sail, a plough, and stalks of maize, with a crest showing a bald eagle, proper, perched, with wings extended. The supporters are two black horses,

harnessed for draught, and rampant. The motto is: VIRTUE, LIBERTY, AND INDEPENDENCE.

PHILADELPHIA:

GIRARD-AVENUE AND PENNSYLVANIA-RAILROAD BRIDGES.

The Governors of Pennsylvania for the first 57 years were 24 Dutch, Swedish and English gentlemen, followed from 1681 to 1776 by the Provincial Government of the Penns and their deputies. During the Revolution, and later, the State was ruled successively by Wharton, Bryan, Reed, Moore, Dickinson, Franklin and Mifflin, Presidents of the Council. Then came the State Governors: Thomas Mifflin, 1790-9; Thomas McKean, 1799-1808; Simon Snyder, 1808-17; William Findlay, 1817-20; Joseph Hiester, 1820-3; John Andrew Shulze, 1823-9; George Wolf, 1829-35; Joseph Ritner, 1835-9; David Rittenhouse Porter, 1839-45; Francis Rawn Shunk, 1845-8; Wm. Freame Johnston, 1848-52; Wm. Bigler, 1852-5; James Pollock, 1855-8; Wm. Fisher Packer, 1858-61; Andrew Gregg Curtin, 1861-7; John White Geary, 1867-73; John Frederick Hartranft, 1873-9; Henry Martyn Hoyt, 1879-83; Robert Emory Pattison, 1883-7; James A. Beaver, 1887-91; and R. E. Pattison, 1891-5.

Descriptive.- Pennsylvania is the only one of the 13 original States without any sea-coast. It extends 302 miles from Ohio and the Pan Handle of West Virginia to the borders of New Jersey; and has a width of 175 miles, from the hills of New York southward to Mason and Dixon's Line, which separates it from Maryland and West Virginia. In a large way, this great domain may be divided into three sections, the southeastern plains, the middle hills and valleys, and the western highlands. A million and a half of people dwell in the eight southeastern counties, one of the loveliest regions in America, pleasantly diversified with country-seats, park-like scenery, tranquil villages, and thousands of fruitful farms. The inhabitants are largely of German, Huguenot and Quaker descent. This garden-like country, with the red sandy clays of Bucks, Montgomery and Lebanon Counties, and the gray micaceous soil of Delaware, Chester and York

Counties, merges into the beautiful Lancaster plains, which belong to the Great Valley, or Cumberland Valley. Here and there, the long levels of the farm-lands are broken by picturesque isolated ridges, like the Welsh, Conewago and Forrest Hills.

Mountain wide and wooded

A million people occupy the middle district, between South and the Alleghenies, including as its chief feature a valley 15 miles 150 miles long, bending from east to south, and enwalled by ranges of mountains from 1,000 to 1,600 feet high, continuous with the Green Mountains of Vermont and the Smoky Mountains of North Carolina. In all the thousand miles of its course from Canada to the lowlands of the Gulf, there is no richer domain than Lancaster County, a great limestone plain extending from beyond the Susquehanna nearly to Philadelphia, and occupied everywhere by the well-kept farms and huge stone barns of the "Pennsylvania Dutch." The language of this people is a legitimate South German (or Upper Rhineland) dialect, which has taken up many English words, and possesses a considerable body of literature. Middle or Appalachian Pennsylvania is about 50 miles wide and 230 miles long, with the Kittatinny Mountain on one side and the steep rocky wall of the Alleghenies on the other, cut by the narrow gorges of several rivers, and bearing various local names. The Catskill or Pocono plateau is a spacious wilderness, with laurel-fringed lakes and the haunts of many deer and bears. Southwest of this unpeopled land lie the labyrinthine mountains of the anthracite region, Broad and Beaver Meadow and Nescopec, with the lovely Wyoming, Mahanoy and Catawissa Valleys, rosy with rhododendrons, and enwalled

PHILADELPHIA: FAIRMOUNT WATER-WORKS.

PHILADELPHIA: OLD STOCK EXCHANGE.

by dark wooded ridges. The Valley of Wyoming is a rich alluvial plain, 20 miles long by three miles wide, enclosed by an ellipse of mountains, and entered on the north through Lackawannock Gap, and on the south through Nanticoke Gap. Next comes the exquisite Susquehanna Valley, a hundred miles long, now opening out for a score of miles, and again narrowed to half that width by cultivated and rounded slaty hills. Elsewhere in the highlands of Middle Pennsylvania occurs a succession of singular level valleys of limestone, surrounded by rocky mountains, and populated by thousands of well-to-do farmers. The unusual fertility of these glens brings forth wheat, corn and rye in great quantities, and their smiling fields are interspersed with dark-hued orchards and groves, and underlaid with labyrinthine caverns. Prof. Lesley says of this region: "Nowhere else on earth is its counterpart for the richness and definiteness of geographical detail. It is the very home of the picturesque in science as in scenery. Its landscapes on the Susquehanna, on the Juniata, and Potomac are unrivalled of their kind in the world." The entire Appalachian country is famous for these long valleys, which lie between its rampart ridges, like the Tuscarora Valley, stretching narrowly along for 50 miles, with wooded highlands overhang

ing it on either side; the famous Kishacoquillas Valley, four miles wide, running 50 miles northward, between Jack's Mountain and the Blue Ridge, to the lonely Seven Mountains, beyond Milroy, inhabited by German Awmish and Scotch-Irish Presbyterians; the Juniata and Great Aughwick Valley, a hundred miles long, from Middleburg to Mary