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The largest existing mines of corundum (emery), much used in the arts, are in Macon County. White and rose-colored marble, fine gray granite, millstones, whetstones, grindstones, potters' clay, fire-clay, talc, manganese, asbestos, and barytes, also occur. stone is quarried in Moore; porphyry, near Jones Falls; red sandstone, at Waynesborough, Sanford and Egypt; and gray sandstone at Durham. Phosphate rock occurs in 150 beds, between the Neuse and South Carolina, in a belt from 15 to 20 miles wide, parallel to the coast. It is valuable as a fertilizer.

The Government includes a governor and six executive officers, elected by the people every four years; the General Assembly, of 50 senators and 120 representatives, elected and meeting every two years; the elective Supreme Court of five justices, and Superior Court of 12 judges; and the county justices of the peace. The State House is a fine old granite building, with dome and colonnades, standing in a six-acre park in the centre of Raleigh. Among other Commonwealth structures are the Governor's Mansion, the Agricultural Building, the Supreme Court, and the State Geological Museum. The Penitentiary, at Raleigh, has 184 convicts within its walls, and 1,300 working outside, mainly in the construction of railroads. The Western Insane Asylum, at Morganton, cost $450,000, and contains 420 patients; the Asylum at Raleigh has 300; and the Eastern Asylum, near Goldsborough, has 200 colored patients. There are separate asylums at Raleigh for the white blind, deaf and dumb persons (135), and for the negroes (53). The Oxford Orphan Asylum, conducted by the Masons, receives a State grant.

The National Cemetery at Salisbury died here in captivity. The National

DAVIDSON COLLEGE.

The

contains the graves of 12, 126 Federal soldiers, who Cemetery at New Berne has 3,254 graves. National Cemetery at Wilmington has 2,291.

Education was of slow growth in colonial North Carolina, and most of the youth of the better classes attended the English universities, or had private tutors. After the great ScotchIrish immigration, in 1736, the incoming Presbyterians founded numerous classical schools. For half a century, the leading educational forces in North Carolina came from Princeton College. Education is now backward, owing to the loss of the school-fund in the war; but 600,000 acres of public swamp-lands have been devoted to this purpose. White teachers are drilled one month in each summer at the Teachers' Assembly, with a large new building at the sea-side summer-resort of Morehead City. The common schools were closed from 1865 to 1870, for lack of money; and the Peabody Fund was of aid in this crisis, and since. The State College of Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts was opened at Raleigh in 1880.

The University of North Carolina was incorporated in 1789; endowed with large tracts of Tennessee land; and opened in 1795, at Chapel Hill, 28 miles westward of Raleigh. When the Secession War broke out, it had 500 students; and this was the only Southern university kept open throughout those terrible years. In 1868, Gov. David L. Swain, its President since 1835, was displaced, and a new faculty came into power; but the University closed its doors from 1870 to 1875, having lost touch with the people. Ex-State-Treasurer Kemp P. Battle became President in 1876, and better days dawned on the venerable institution. It has 17 instructors and 200 students, a library of 25,000 volumes, and valuable museums. The University campus includes 50 acres of fine old oaks and hickories, with 500 acres of forest adjacent. Here stand the old east (1795) and west (1826) buildings and the new east (1889) and west (1859) buildings, and the south building (1814), used mainly as

dormitories; Person Hall (1796), the chemical laboratory and industrial museum; Smith Hall (1852), with the University library and laboratories; Gerrard Hall (1827), the chapel; Gymnasium Hall (1835); and the University Memorial Hall (1885), a noble auditorium, on whose walls are tablets bearing the names of the University's eminent officers and graduates, and her sons slain in the Secession War. Among the students of the University were President James K. Polk, Vice-President Wm. R. King, Senators Thomas H. Benton, Zebulon M. Vance, Frank P. Blair, and hundreds of Southern governors, senators, cabinet officers, diplomats and divines. Over 4,000 North Carolinians have been educated here. Wake Forest College, a famous Baptist school, was opened in 1834, 16 miles from Raleigh, in an oak forest, and became a college four years later. It has dormitory, library, and laboratory buildings, and Wingate Memorial Hall. There are eleven professors and 225 students; and the library contains 15,000 volumes. Davidson College was founded by the Presbyterians in 1837, 23 miles north of Charlotte. It has 13 buildings, eight professors, and 120 students, with libraries of 12,000 volumes. Trinity College grew out of a Methodist academy of 1838, and has 120 students. The Catawba Valley is occupied by German Lutherans, as distinct in their language and customs as the Pennsylvania Dutch. This sect conducts North-Carolina, Concordia and Gaston Colleges. The most celebrated academy for boys is the Bingham School, founded in 1793, and now near Mebane, 50 miles west of Raleigh. It has 220 students, with a military organization under an officer detailed from the United-States army.

The colored people have Shaw University, at Raleigh, with college, scientific, normal, theological, medical and industrial departments; Biddle University, at Charlotte; and other advanced institutions, in which over 2,500 negro boys and girls are being educated, including some from Africa and the West Indies. There are colored theological schools at Raleigh (Episcopal and Baptist) and Charlotte (Presbyterian); and white schools at Conover (Lutheran) and Trinity (Methodist-Episcopal South), with 270 students. The law schools for the whites are at Chapel Hill and Greensborough ; and a medical school for the colored people is at Raleigh.

MOUNT MITCHELL.

Chief Cities. Raleigh is the pleasant capital city, on high ground near the centre of the State, with several good public buildings. Wilmington, on the Cape-Fear, is the metropolis of the State, and its chief port, with a large foreign commerce, and steamship lines to New York, Philadelphia and Baltimore. Here is the headquarters of the Atlantic Coast Line. It is a leading market for naval stores. New Berne has a large trade in shipping early vegetables and naval stores to the North, with steamship lines to Norfolk, Baltimore and New York. Asheville and Charlotte are growing inland cities. Durham is one of the greatest tobacco-manufacturing points in the world, with a dozen factories and snuff-mills, tobacco-cure works, tobacco-dust-fertilizer mills, and a cotton-mill whose product is made into tobacco bags. One company makes 250,000,000 cigarettes a year. Manufacturing has developed largely since 1880, reaching $25,000,000 a year, including cotton goods, $3,000,000; tobacco, $2,000,000; and turpentine and tar, $2,000,000. Railroads began with the Wilmington & Weldon and the Raleigh and Gaston lines, in 1843, the Charlotte & Columbia line dating from 1852. The State is now served by several important and efficient routes, reaching the sea-board at Edenton, New Berne, Beaufort and Wilmington, and crossing the Alleghany Mountains by the French-Broad Valley. The great through route of the Atlantic Coast Line runs down across the Carolinas, on its way between New York and Florida; and is the avenue of a continually increasing volume of travel, favored by the most sumptuous accommodations. Goldsborough, Charlotte, and Greensborough are important railway centres.

Founded by . French-Canadians.
Admitted to the U. S., Nov. 3, 1889.

poleon in 1803. It belonged Population in 1890 (U. S.

to the District of Louisiana in 1804; to the Territory of Louisiana in 1805; and to the Territory of Missouri in 1812. In 1834 the section of North Dakota east of the Missouri and White-Earth Rivers became a part of Michigan Territory, and the rest lay in the Indian Country. Two years later, the Michigan district of North Dakota became a part of Wisconsin Territory, and after another two years it was handed over to Iowa Territory, in which it remained after the State of Iowa entered the Republic. In 1849 it was joined to Minnesota Territory. The western section became a part of Nebraska Territory in 1854. At the erection of Minnesota into a State, the region west of it, to the Missouri and White-Earth Rivers, became the Territory of Minnesota. In 1861 this last political division became obsolete, and the Territory of Dakota was formed, including North and South Dakota, and large parts of Montana and Wyoming. The last two were set apart to Idaho in 1863, and in part retroceded in 1864. In 1868 and 1873 these divisions were again taken away, and Dakota remained.

For many years much of this region was known as the Mandan Country, from the tribe of Indians dwelling near the site of Bismarck. The Sioux, or Dakotas, checked at some remote period in their eastward march by the fiery Algonquins, became paramount in this domain. The first recorded settlement in North Dakota was made by a French Here also Lord Selkirk's trader, in 1780, at Pembina. Scottish colony, planted under a grant from the HudsonBay Company, dwelt from 1812 to 1823, when it was found to be on American soil, and moved northward into Manitoba. Up to 1875 there were fewer than 1,000 whites in all North Dakota, but after that time a strong flood of immigration set in, favored by the

advance of the railways. The centres of Dakota's population, Fargo and Bismarck in the north, and Yankton in the south, were separated by almost impassable and uninhabited areas, with no railway intercommunication. This diversity of interests led to sharp contests between the two sections, and in the end resulted in their separation. Among the people of North Dakota are many thousands of Americanized Canadians, crossing from Manitoba in search of happier conditions of life. There are also great numbers of Scandinavians and Germans, and small colonies of Russian Mennonites, Polish Jews, Roumelian Turks and Icelanders.

TURTLE MOUNTAINS: A SOD HOUSE.

The Name Dakota (pronounced Dah-ko-tah) means "Allied," or joined together in friendly compact, and was (and is) applied to themselves by the great Indian nation popularly known as the Sioux. Their enemies, the Ojibways, called them Nadowaysioux, "The Foemen," and the early French traders caught the last syllable of this word, and always spoke of them as Sioux. North Dakota is sometimes spoken of as THE SIOUX STATE, or

the Land of the Dakotas.

The Arms of North Dakota bear a tree, with a half-circle of 42 stars in its foliage, and wheat-sheaves and farm-tools below, and on one side an Indian on horseback pursuing a buffalo towards the setting sun. The motto is LIBERTY AND UNION, NOW AND FOR

EVER, ONE AND INSEPARABLE.

The Governors of Dakota Territory were: William Jaynes, 1861-3; Newton Edmunds, 1863-6; Andrew J. Faulk, 1866-9; John A. Burbank, 1869-74; John L. Pennington, 1874-8; Wm. A. Howard, 1878-80; N. G. Ordway, 1880-4; Gilbert A. Pierce, 1884-7; Louis K. Church, 1887-9; Arthur C. Mellette, 1889. State governors: John Miller, 1890; and A. H. Burke, 1891-3.

FARGO:

Descriptive. The sluggish, narrow and devious Red River forms almost the entire eastern boundary, and is traversed by steamboats and bordered by railways. Vast quantities of pinelogs are floated down from the Otter-Tail and Red-Lake pineries to the saw-mills at Grand Forks. This region is the garden of the State, and nearly always produces rich harvests, even when some other localities are injured by droughts. Several of the bonanza wheat-farms of the Red-River Valley are from 5,000 to 15,000 acres each in area, with a large number above 1,000 acres. The famous Dalrymple farm covers 75,000 acres; and the domains of the Grandins are even more extensive. The most thorough system governs these estates; and their large forces of men are organized into divisions, each with its superintendent and foreman and buildings, and all reporting to a general manager. With gang-plows, seeders, self-binding harvesters, steamthreshers and other modern implements, the cost of raising wheat has been reduced to 35 cents a bushel. The wheat of North Dakota is unexcelled in quality, and has been culti vated on a broad and cheap scale. The Red-River region is a vast level deposit of 10,000 square miles of the richest black loam, from two to six feet deep, broken only by occasional

with some timber and vegetation, and many alkaline pools. It is 200 miles long, from 15 to 20 miles wide, and from 1,000 to 2,000 feet above the sea.

The Plateau du Coteau du Missouri is a great grassy table-land entering the State from Manitoba, and running southward between the Missouri and James Rivers, beginning at 2,000 feet above the sea, and falling away on the south. It is treeless and almost without large vegetation, except along the streams. Masses of bowlders crown the myriads of strange-shaped hills and ridges, which give the Coteau the appearance of a stormy sea changed to soil when at its wildest fury. The crests are barren, but the slopes of good brown loam are valuable for wheat or for grazing. The Coteau covers 30,000 square miles, and is sparsely settled. It follows around the great bend of the Missouri, 400 miles long and 80 miles wide, and as seen from the distant prairies forms a deep blue line upon the horizon. The Missouri slope sinks away in waves

of rich soil from the crest of the Coteau to the level of the great river, 250 feet below. The country west of the Missouri slope is diversified by strange conical buttes, capped with sandstone, grassy hills, and high bluffs, broken by open veins of brown coal. But few settlers have moved into this region.

PYRAMID PARK:

The Bad Lands of the Little Missouri cover an area 50 miles long and 30 miles wide, with huge domes and pyramids, spires and towers, and statues of vividly colored clays and rocks, rising by thousands from the grassy glens, amid which, and myriads of cattle and sheep graze all the year round. here for centuries, turning the clay hills into terra-cotta; and in places the fires still exist. Medora is the metropolis of this weird region. The sinister title of this country is translated from a part of the old French name for it, Mauvaises Terres pour Traverser, which referred not to the quality of the soil, but to the difficulty of travelling through this fantastic land.

Devil's Lake, which the Indians called Minnewaukan (Spirit Water) lies in the north, and is 55 miles long, with an extreme width of six miles. The well-wooded and gently sloping shores extend for 280 miles, with many a fine promontory, enshrining weird old Sioux legends. A steamboat makes daily trips from the prosperous new grain and live-stock city of Devil's Lake to Minnewaukan and the Government post of Fort Totten, crossing an inland sea as green and about one fifth as salt as the ocean, and without an outlet. Stump Lake winds for 13 miles between abrupt and wooded shores. There are many other lakes in the north and east; and lonely buttes rise high over the unpopulated plains. The swirling and turbulent Missouri River bends around through a great part of the State, affording steamboat navigation for 1,200 miles above Bismarck, to Fort Benton, and also downward to the Mississippi. The river-boats carry from 60 to 200 tons of freight each, and draw from two to four feet of water. They extricate themselves from the numberless sand-bars by climbing up on poles, ingeniously arranged for the purpose. The Turtle Mountains come in on the north from Manitoba, and extend over 800 square