LINVILLE GORGE.

defeating Gen. Johnston's 26,000 Confederates at Bentonville, where 4,000 men were killed or wounded. Then the victors joined Schofield at Goldsborough. Meanwhile, Stoneman and the Fourth Corps had swept across from Nashville to Salisbury. April 13, 1865, Sherman marched into Raleigh, with the armies of the Ohio, the Cumberland and the Tennessee, Johnston's Confederates retreating toward Charlotte. The Union commander invited Gov. Vance and the civil officers of the State to return to their capital; and on the 26th Gen. Johnston, at Durham, surrendered to him the 36,817 Confederate soldiers of his army. The war left North Carolina bankrupt and prostrate, but in the subsequent years she has made marvellous advances in population, cultivated lands, improved farming methods, length of railways, and diversified industries.

The Name, Arx Carolina, was given by the Huguenot colonists under Ribault and Laudonnière, landing south of Beaufort in 1562, to their little fortress, in honor of King Charles IX. of France; and this title gradually became attached to the country. In 1629, King Charles I. granted territory south of the Chesapeake to Sir Robert Heath, and named it after himself, Carolana. When the new charter of 1663 was given, by Charles II., this name became Carolina. There appears to be a just doubt as to which of these three kings the State was named for. The popular pet name is THE OLD NORTH STATE, referring to its place in the Carolinas. During the Civil War its people were called Tar Heels, in allusion to the prevailing tar industry of the lowland forests.

The Arms of North Carolina bear two robed female figures, Liberty and Ceres, the one with a wand and Phrygian cap, the other with a great horn of plenty, filled with the fruits of the earth. For 40 years the State troops have borne blue silken flags with this device on many a deadly field of battle.

The Governors of the State have been: Alex. Martin, 1789-92; Richard D. Spaight, 1792-5; Samuel Ashe, 1795-8; William R. Davie, 1798-9; Benjamin Williams, 17991802; James Turner, 1802-5; Nathaniel Alexander, 1805-7; Benjamin Williams, 1807-8; David Stone, 1808-10; Benjamin Smith, 1810-11; William Hawkins, 1811-14; William Miller, 1814-17; John Branch, 1817-20; Jesse Franklin, 1820-1; Gabriel Holmes, 1821-4; Hutchings G. Burton, 1824-7; James Iredell, 1827-8; John Owen, 1828-30; Montford Stokes, 1830-2; David L. Swain, 1832-5; Richard D. Spaight, 1835-7; Edward B. Dudley, 1837-41; John M. Morehead, 1841-5; William A. Graham, 1845-9; Charles Manly, 1849-51; David S. Reid, 1851-55; Thomas Bragg, 1855-59; John W. Ellis, 1859-61; Z. B. Vance, 1861-5; William W. Holden (provisional, 1865; Jonathan Worth, 1865-9; William W. Holden, 1869-71; Tod R. Caldwell, 1871-4; Curtis H. Brogden, 1874-7; Zebulon B. Vance, 1877-9; Thomas J. Jarvis, 1879-85; Alfred M. Scales, 1885-9; Daniel G. Fowle, 1889-91; and Thomas M. Holt, 1891-92.

Descriptive. On its seaward front of 400 miles North Carolina is lined with long islands of sand, from half a mile to two miles wide, with dangerous angles at Cape Lookout and Cape Hatteras, and great shoals extending leagues out into the ocean, and through the sounds behind. Inside these sand-dunes open the broad sounds, Pamlico, 80 miles long by from ten to 30 miles wide, and 20 feet deep; Albemarle, 60 miles long by from four to 15 miles wide, with water nearly fresh; and Currituck, 50 miles long by from two to ten miles wide. Inland for 50 miles the country is low, and broken by swamps, lakes and inlets, and the broad estuaries of sluggish rivers. Currituck and Albemarle Sounds have no seaward openings, but discharge into Pamlico Sound, from which Oregon, Hatteras and Ocracoke

Inlets connect with the Atlantic. The Little Dismal Swamp, or Alligator Swamp, between Albemarle and Pamlico Sounds, the Great Dismal Swamp, and others cover 3,000,000 acres, with soil of remarkable richness, raising great crops when drained and reclaimed. The DismalSwamp Canal opens inland communication between Albemarle Sound and Chesapeake Bay. The chief harbors are at Wilmington, New Berne, Beaufort and Edenton. The Cape-Fear River, 300 miles long, is ascended by large vessels 34 miles, to Wilmington, and by sloops 120 miles, to Fayetteville. The Roanoke flows 250 miles, and may be ascended 120 miles, to Halifax. The continuous Pamlico and Tar Rivers give navigation for 95 miles, to Tarborough. The Neuse affords passage for boats

for 120 miles, to near Goldsborough. The Chowan has 75 miles of navigable current. The Yadkin and Catawba find the sea through South Carolina; and the rivers beyond the Blue Ridge enter the Tennessee and Mississippi.

The fisheries are of increasing value, and hatcheries have been established for rock-fish, herring and shad. Over 100,000 barrels of fish are caught yearly, including mullet and bluefish. The oyster-beds in the sounds have recently been mapped by Lieut. Winslow, U. S. N. A thousand North-Carolinians are engaged in oystering, securing 170,000 bushels yearly. The sand-bars between Pamlico Sound and the sea are ranged by hundreds of "bankers,"

Paint Rock View from its Summit

PAINT ROCK.

or wild ponies, cast ashore from a wreck in the last century, and multiplying in freedom. Wild fowl abound around Pamlico and Albemarle.

Nearly half of the 20,000 square miles of the lowlands lies in the shore-belt, and the rest grows more hilly as it approaches the west. Farther inland comes the middle region, 20,000 square miles of hills and uplands, with the long curving water-sheds of the rivers, and their wide valleys. Farther west lies the Piedmont plateau, from 60 to 75 miles wide, with frequent mountain-spurs, and cut by the valleys of the Yadkin, Catawba and Broad Rivers. The Blue Ridge springs up from the Piedmont region, traversing the entire State, northeast and southwest, with a ragged and broken escarpment facing the east, and gentler western slopes, robed with heavy forests. The mountain land, in the extreme west, includes the huge Blue Ridge on the east, and on the west the Alleghany ("Endless ") Mountains, mainly included in the Great Smoky Range, whose continuations along the border are the Unaka, Bald, Iron and Stone Ranges. This noble mountain-chain is cut deep by the gorges of the westward-flowing rivers, the Little Tennessee, French Broad, and others. In the Smokies are 23 of North Carolina's 57 peaks

above 6,000 feet high, including Clingman's Dome (6,660 feet), Mount Guyot (Bullhead), 6,636; and Mount Love, 6,443. In these ranges and the connecting cross-chains occur the loftiest peaks in the Atlantic States. The trough between the Blue Ridge and the Alleghanies is 200 miles long, and from 15 to 50 miles wide, covering 6,000 square miles. In the north, Yellow Mountain stretches across it, from the Grandfather, the highest Blue-Ridge peak (5,897 feet) to Roan (6,306 feet), in the Smokies, with the high plateau of Watauga on the north, and on the south a vast valley, in whose purple mists lie 13 counties. Southwest of Yellow, beyond this deep Nolechucky Valley, Black Mountain crosses the trough for 20 miles, with 18

ASHEVILLE.

peaks above 6,000 feet high, including Mount Mitchell, the sovereign summit east of the Rocky Mountains, 6,711 feet above the sea. This lonely crest is hallowed by the grave of Prof. Elisha Mitchell, of the University of North Carolina, who lost his life here, in 1857, while engaged in measuring the mountain height. A bronze monument was erected over it in 1888. In this sierra are Balsam Cone, 6,671 feet high; Potato Top, 6,393; and Bowlen's Pyramid, 6, 348. Southwest of the range

lies the lovely valley of the French Broad, bounded by the Newfound Range. Farther southwest, across the valley of the Big Pigeon, towers the Balsam Range, 45 miles long, with 15 peaks of above 6,000 feet. Among its noblest crests are the Great Divide, 6,425 feet high; Junaluska, 6,278; and Devil's Court-House, 6,049. Towards the southwestern corner of the State, the great valley is barred off again by the Cowee, Nantihala and Valley-River Ranges, in which the Little Tennessee and its affluents take their rise. A great spur running northeast from the Balsams ends in Mount Pisgah, 5,712 feet high, and one of the most famous landmarks of the Carolinas.

In this "land of the sky" occur many lovely glens and fertile coves, surrounded with wooded ridges and profound forests, and occupied by the quaint hamlets and lonely farms of the mountaineers. Among the heights are the loftiest villages east of Colorado; Boone, 3,242 feet high; Jefferson, 2,940; Burnsville, 2, 840; Waynesville, 2,756; and scores of others higher than Bethlehem of New Hampshire. The favorite summer-resorts are Asheville, in the French-Broad valley; Hot Springs, close to the Alleghanies; Waynesville, under the shadow of the Balsams; Caesar's Head, a hotel 3, 500 feet high, on Cæsar's-Head Mountain; Haywood White Sulphur Springs, near the Balsams; Sparkling Catawba Springs, with blue and white sulphur and chalybeate waters; Arden Park, with its hotel and mineral waters; Glen Alpine, 13 miles from Morganton, with a vast mountain-view from above its hotel, and tonic and alterative lithia springs; and Cloudland Hotel, 6,250 feet high, near the top of Roan Mountain, on a flowery plateau enwalled by dark balsam woods, famous for the cure of hay-fever. Among the natural beauties are the Linville Gorge, where an angry river bursts through the Linville Mountains; the bleak mountaincrowning Table Rock; the famous Hickory-Nut Gap, nine miles long, on the Rocky Broad; the Painted Rocks and the Chimnies, on the French Broad; Whiteside Mountain, with a curving cliff of white rock two miles long and 1,800 feet high; and the famous Pilot Mountain, in Surrey County.

Among the most charming localities in this country is the vicinity of Asheville, where is situated the famous Battery-Park Hotel, one of the most perfect resorts on the continent. The surrounding region is as picturesque as can be found anywhere, and the hotel has been admirably adapted to such a romantic spot. It is, indeed, a modern paradise among the mountains, charming in its many gables, its airy verandas and its delightfully picturesque views. The hotel is owned by Col. F. Coxe, of Philadelphia, and is managed by J. B. Steele. It was built in 1886, and enlarged

in 1887 and 1888, and again in 1890. The
rooms for guests are large and well-arranged.
There are billiard-rooms for both ladies and
gentlemen, a spacious ball-room, ver-
andas, promenades, parlors and re-
ception rooms, and airy and ample
dining rooms. All of the guest-rooms
have outward looks, and there is a
picturesque view from every window.

The hotel is easily accessible from all points, and is
just 24 hours from New York. The mild and even
climate of Asheville makes the Battery-Park Hotel
a delightful place of resort either in summer or
winter. The rides and drives for miles are of the most
romantic description; and the city of Asheville, with
its population of about 10,000, is composed chiefly
of the lovely homes of the well-to-do people from
many States who spend the whole or part of their
time here. It is here, too, that George Vanderbilt
has acquired about 6,000 acres of land, and is pre-
paring a baronial estate.

TRYON MOUNTAIN.

Since the war, thousands of Northerners afflicted with pulmonary diseases have found relief in the Blue Ridge, whose grand scenery of cliffs and valleys and waterfalls may be enjoyed in the pleasant summer climate. The southernmiddle sand-hills, among the odors of the long-leaved pines, also have found favor with sufferers of this class. The summer-resorts along the coast, with their hotels and sea-bathing, are mainly occupied by Carolinians.

North Carolina of the sixteenth century lay hidden under noble forests, of almost

tropical richness and variety, and thousands of miles still thus remain, and are increasing in value. The swampy alluvial lands and black peaty soils of the tide-water counties have immense pineries, with leagues of cypresses and junipers. Farther inland grow myriads of oaks, large chestnuts and poplars, and noble hickories, mingling along the mountains with hemlocks and white pines. Of late years the mountain-forests have been attacked on all sides, and lumber is exported in large quantities. The Piney Woods cover a level belt of sandy barrens, from 30 to 80 miles wide, running southwest across the State, from Virginia, and overshadowed by thick-foliaged long-leaved pines. Two thirds of the turpentine and rosin, pitch and tar produced in the United States comes from North Carolina, and great quantities are shipped from Wilmington.

The Climates of North Carolina are those of Sicily and Upper Canada. The lowlands have an Italian and subtropical temperature, warm and humid, with prevailing southwest winds, and winter and summer means of 46° and 79°. The middle region has almost continuous northwest winds, with winters averaging 44° and summers of 77°. The mountain-country has the climate of New England, averaging 52°, sometimes falling in winter to zero, and in summer averaging 70°. The mean yearly rainfall is 60 inches in the east, 45 in the middle, and 58 among the mountains, evenly distributed throughout the seasons. This is nearly double the rainfall of France and England, yet the air is dry and

clear, and grapes and cotton grow successfully.
The climate, aside from the malarial lowlands, is
healthy, and the death-rate is low.

Agriculture has been advanced of late years by
the introduction of intensive farming, labor-saving ma-
chinery, the increase of grass area, and the improve-
ment of breeds of live-stock. The Agricultural De-
partment and Experiment Station have given special
attention also to fertilizers, improving their quality.

MEDOC MEDOC VINEYARD.

The farms produce yearly 36,000,000 bushels of corn, 5,000,000 of wheat, 5,000,000 of oats, 5,000,000 of sweet potatoes, 400,000 bales of cotton (worth $18,000,000), 35,000,000 pounds of tobacco, and 6,000,000 pounds of rice, with large quantities of hay, honey and butter. North Carolina is the first of the States in the value of its medicinal herbs, mainly ginseng, spikenard, and hellebore, shipped from Statesville.

The Bright-Tobacco Belt covers the northern counties, and yields the greater part of the yellow tobacco (or gold leaf) of America, singularly free from nicotine and nitrogen, and commanding the highest prices.

The peanut crop exceeds 300,000 bushels yearly, at 50 bushels to the acre, the chief market being at Wilmington. The oil derived from peanuts is valuable for table use, lubrica

ting and burning in lamps.

Grapes grow abundantly on the lowlands, and their cultivation occupies increasing areas. The Scuppernong grape, native to North Carolina, is large and luscious, and produces an excellent wine. The Catawba and Isabella grapes are also successfully raised, and originated here. The famous Medoc Vineyard, established in 1835, the largest Scuppernong vineyard in the world, is at Medoc, in Halifax County, near the Piedmont Belt, and some 1,500 to 2,000 feet above tide-water. The soil and climate of this immediate section is exceptionally adapted for the cultivation of the Scuppernong, the only known vine that has withstood the insect phylloxera, being of long life, and practically "fire-proof." Some vines are a foot in diameter. At this vineyard a crop failure is unknown, and the sales of the wines and brandies, averaging $40,000 a year, are made throughout the Union. These wines have been awarded several prizes. The property includes about 1,000 acres, 100 of which are in grapes, and 400 in a high state of cultivation; and the wine-vaults, with a capacity of 150,000 gallons, were constructed with special reference to the aging of the wines and their security against fire. This whole property is owned by the Medoc Vineyard Company, a corporation with a paid-in capital of $200,000, which bought it from the heirs of the late C. W. Garrett, who developed this notable vineyard. The Medoc farm is famous for its crops of tobacco, cotton, and corn, and forms one of the most delightful spots in North Carolina.

MAKING TAR.

The Mineral Resources of North Carolina are great, though as yet but imperfectly developed. The goldbearing region extends from Halifax to Cherokee County, with valuable placers and veins, especially in the midlands. The Gold-Hill Mine, near Salisbury, has produced over $2,000,000 in bullion; and the output of the State

has exceeded $20,000,000. The old UnitedStates Mint, at Charlotte, is now an assay office. Silver - mines occur in the Salisbury region. North Carolina produces nearly half the smelted and rolled zinc of the Republic. Bituminous and semi-bituminous coal occurs in large deposits on Deep River. It is valuable for smelting and gasmaking, but has been only slightly developed. The Dan-River coal-field also extends 32 miles into the State. Hematite and magnetic iron-ores have been mined in the mountains for over a century, and are now used in the Bessemer furnaces of Pennsylvania. Copper occurs chiefly in the middle and west, and is mined south of the Balsam Range. Copperas, cobalt, plumbago, antimony, arsenic, nickel, lead and tin are also found in the hills. Much of the mica used in this country is mined in the mountains of North Carolina, in Mitchell, Macon and Yancey Counties.