of water-front, on East River and Gowanus Bay, with huge docks and basins, where $300,000,000 worth of goods are stored every year. Prospect Park covers over 600 acres, with delightful ocean-views, and has no superior in America. Green Wood Cemetery is the most beautiful in the world. Brooklyn is the fourth American city in manufactures, its products amounting to $180,000,000 yearly.

NEW-YORK HARBOR : FORT WADSWORTH, ON STATEN ISLAND.

CASTLE WILLIAM, ON GOVERNOR'S ISLAND. Buffalo is one of the three chief ports on the Great Lakes, with enormous receipts of grain, lumber and live-stock, and shipments of coal, salt and cement, and long lines of elevators and flour-mills. This city comes close to Pittsburgh, in its iron and steel works, and also, has oil-refineries, breweries, leather-works and many other manufactories, employing 18,000 operatives, and with a yearly product of $45,000,000. There are many interesting public buildings; and handsome parks and boulevards, which have cost $1,500,000. The harbor is the best on Lake Erie, with protecting breakwaters and a tall light-house; and the Erie Basin is the beginning of the world-renowned Erie Canal. Nineteen railroads enter Buffalo; and four steamship lines, with 56 first-class steamers, of from 1,800 to 2,800 tons, running to the ports and flour have been received

of the Great Lakes. Over 160,000,000 bushels of grain here in a single year. The City and County Hall is a

BROOKLYN CITY HALL AND COURT HOUSE.

noble structure of Maine granite, built at a cost of $1,350,000, and occupied in 1876. The Music-Hall building is a handsome Romanesque edifice. The Buffalo Library has a magnificent fire-proof building, finished in 1887, at a cost of $350,000, and containing also the Fine-Arts Academy, Society of Natural History, and Buffalo Historical Society.

There are 30 cities in this great State. Albany, 142 miles up the Hudson, was founded by the Dutch, as Fort Orange, in 1623, and is at the eastern end of the great Erie Canal, with magnificent State, city and ecclesiastical buildings, and a situation which has won for it the name of "The Edinburgh of America." Here also are great stove-foundries, breweries, and cattle-yards, employing 15,000 persons. Amsterdam (17,336 inhabitants), with its great knit-goods and broom factories, rests on the rich intervales of the Mohawk. Auburn (25,858), the capital of Cayuga County, utilizes the water-power of the Owasco Outlet. Binghamton (35,005), "The Parlor City,"

is an iron and coal handling railroad centre on the Sus-
quehanna and Chenango. Cohoes (22, 509), three miles
from Troy, has a great water-power at the mouth
of the Mohawk, with many factories. Dunkirk
(9,416) extends along an artifical harbor
on Lake Erie. Elmira (29,708), on the
Chemung, is the chief city of the southern
tier of counties, with car-shops and a large
country trade. Hornellsville (10,996) has
several railways among the hills of Steu-
ben. Hudson (9,970), on a high plateau
at the head of ship-navigation on the Hud-
son River, was founded in 1783 by New-

Englanders as a whaling-port. Ithaca (11,079) rests in a beautiful region of glens and cascades, at the head of Cayuga Lake. Jamestown (16,038) is on the outlet of Chautauqua Lake. Kingston (21,261), the venerable capital of Ulster, with its academies, lies on the Hudson, near the Catskill Mountains, and ships blue-stone, brick and hydraulic cement. Lockport (16,038) has the long series of locks by which the Erie Canal descends from the Erie level to the Genesee level. Long-Island City (30,506) fronts New-York City, across the East River. Middletown (11,977) lies near the Shawangunk Mountains, and supplies the Orange Valley. Newburgh (23,087) has a pleasant site on the Hudson, just above West Point, with great shipments of Pennsylvania coal. The mystery of ice-yachting has its highest development here. Ogdensburg (11,662) is on the St.-Lawrence River, and handles great quantities of grain. Oswego (21,842), the chief harbor on Lake Ontario, is another important grain-port, with large flour-mills. Poughkeepsie (22,206) crowns a breezy plateau by the Hudson, and has several famous schools and a valuable country-trade. Rochester, at the Genesee Falls, seven miles from Lake Ontario, contains immense flourmills, and world-renowned nurseries of flowers and fruits. Rome (14,991) is a railway and canal centre, with farming-implement factories, on the site of old Fort Stanwix, near the Mohawk. Schenectady (19,902) is an old Dutch city on the Mohawk meadows, with car, locomotive and machine works, 17 miles west of Albany. Syracuse, near Onondaga Lake and its great salt-works, and midway between Albany and Buffalo (hence called "The Central City"), has costly public buildings and lucrative manufactures, and a large LakeOntario commerce. Troy, six miles north of Albany, and at the head of steam navigation on the Hudson, is famous for its stove-foundries and rolling-mills and laundries. Utica is a railway and canal centre, in the rich and prosperous centre of New York. Watertown (14,725) has several factories on the rapids of Black River, in the north. Yonkers (32,033) is a handsome suburb of New-York City, on the Hudson and facing the Palisades. Among the other large towns are Corning, 8,550; Flushing, 10,868; Geneva, 5,878; Gloversville, 13,864; Lansingburgh, 10, 550; Little Falls, 8,783; Mount Vernon, 10,677; New Brighton, 16,423; New Rochelle, 8, 318; Peekskill, 9,676; Port Jervis, 9,327; Saratoga Springs, 11,975; Sing Sing, 9,352; and West Troy, 12,967.

In Maritime Commerce and ship-building New York leads all the States. She builds one fifth (in value) of the American commercial fleets, and owns one fourth of them. Five eighths of the canal boats in the Republic belong here.

The fisheries employ 7,000 men and 540 vessels, with a yearly product of above $4,000,000. The imports approximate $500,000,000 yearly, and the exports $400.000,000. The internal trade of New York exceeds $2,000,000,000 a year; $1,650,000,000 worth of freight passes over the railroads, $150,000,000 over the canals, and $250,000,000 over the sound and lakes.

Canals were first planned here in 1761, by Gen. Philip Schuyler, who devised a waterroute by the Mohawk to Oneida Lake and Lake Ontario. It was discussed before the Legislature by Sir Henry Moore, in 1768, and recommended later by Gen. Washington. In 1796, 16-ton boats passed from Schenectady to Oneida Lake and Lake Ontario, by the locks and canal of the Western Navigation Company. The Erie Canal was begun at Rome in 1817, and finished in 1825, when the water of Lake Erie entered the "Great Ditch," and a triumphal flotilla started down its course from Buffalo to Albany, bearing Gov. De Witt Clinton, Col. W. L. Stone, the Van Rensselaers, and others. From Albany the boats were towed to New York, and out to sea beyond Sandy Hook, where barrels of Lake-Erie water mingled with the salt tides, in the presence of an imposing marine procession. This vast public work has been the means of transporting billions of dollars' worth of Western products to the sea, and has had a powerful influence in making New York the great shipping-port of America. It is seven feet deep, 52 feet wide at the bottom, and from 70 to 80 at the top. The length is 364 miles. The canal was intended for 100-ton boats, but the volume of business quickly overflowed these dimensions, and

T

between 1832 and 1862 the prism and locks were enlarged to carry 240-ton vessels. The boats cost from $3,000 to $5,000 each, and make six round trips every season, each carrying more than a freight-train, and running from Buffalo to Albany, in eleven days and nights, the crews being divided into two watches. During the season 150 boats reach the Hudson daily. There are 75 steam canal-boats. For many years the Erie Canal was traversed by regular lines of packet-boats for passengers, gliding at the rate of six miles an hour through the romantic and beautiful scenery of Central New York.

The total cost of building the Erie Canal has been in excess of $50,000,000, but it has been repaid to the State by tolls, together with the cost of superintendence and repairs, and a clear profit of above $40,000,000. In 1862 alone the tolls on the New-York canals exceeded $5,000,000; and in 1868 the value of merchandise carried was $305,000,000. The maximum tonnage (6,673,370), was transported in 1872. In 1844 the canal-boats averaged 64 tons; and in 1880 they reached 212 tons. The cost of freight from Albany to Buffalo was 25 cents a ton a mile, in 1820. In 1884, it had fallen to 27.7 mills. saving on the cost of the freight moved between Albany and Buffalo in 1850 alone was $252,000,000. In 1882, the people of New York voted, 486, 105 to 163, 151, to abolish the tolls on their canals, and make them free forever. The United-States Government is now contemplating enlarging the Erie and Champlain Canals into water-routes for ships.

The

The Champlain Canal, joining Lake Champlain to the Hudson at Fort Edward, and by slack-water navigation reaching the Erie Canal near Cohoes, was built in 1818-23, and is the avenue of a large commerce. The Black-River Canal, built in 1836-49, runs from Rome to Boonville, on Black River, and has 106 locks in 873 miles. The Chenango Canal from Utica to Binghamton, 97 miles; the Chenango Extension, beyond Binghamton; the Crooked-Lake Canal, from Penn Yan to Dresden, on Seneca Lake; the Chemung Canal, from Elmira to Watkins, on Seneca Lake; the Genesee-Valley Canal, from Rochester to

the Allegany River; and the Junction and Oneida - Lake canals; were built between 1830 and 1840, at a cost of over $12,000,000, and were abandoned between 1874 and 1878. The canals cost the State for their construction and enlargement, during

$101,000,000

the half-century, 1825 to 1875. For some years past the canals have accommodated annually a tonnage of about 5,000,000. In 1884 this was divided, as follows: Erie, 3.840,000; Champlain,

1,230,000; Cayuga and Seneca, 196,000; Oswego, 176,077; and Black River, 112,000. Eastward-bound floated 4,000,000 tons; westward-bound, 1,600,000. Of this vast freight, 1,600,000 tons were farm-products; 1,500,000, forest-products; 380,000, merchandise; and 200,000 manufactured goods. In 1888 the canal business fell away 500,000 tons, owing to short crops, grain corners, high freight-rates, and rate-cutting by railroads.

NEW YORK: MANHATTAN CLUB.

The Delaware & Hudson Canal was built in 1825-8, at a cost of $2,000,000, and extends from Rondout, on the Hudson to Port Jervis, on the Delaware, 59 miles; thence up the Delaware Valley to Lackawaxen, 24 miles; and thence to the coal-mines at Honesdale (Penn.), 26 miles. There are 109 locks, with a total rise and fall of 950 feet. The depth is 6 feet; and 120-ton boats are used. This canal was built by a private company, to whom it still belongs; and is mainly used for transporting coal.

The Bridges of this State include some celebrated engineering works. The East-River Bridge is 5,989 feet long, and 135 feet above the water, erected in 1870-83, at a cost of $15,000,000. This greatest of bridges is suspended by steel-wire cables from stone piers 272 feet above high tide, and carries a promenade, railway tracks, and carriage-ways, joining Brooklyn and New York. The bridge was designed by John A. Roebling; and its wonderful suspended superstructure, of fitted steel, was made by the Edge Moor Bridge Works, of Wilmington (Del.). The Poughkeepsie Bridge is 1} miles long, and rests on four pyramidal steel towers 100 feet high (20 feet below high water), and these again upon timber caissons 60 by 100 feet and 100 feet high. There are three cantilevers, with connection spans. This bridge was begun in 1873, to afford unbroken railway communication between the Pennsylvania coal-fields and the New-England cities.

The International Bridge from Black Rock (Buffalo) to Fort Erie (in Canada) was built in 1870-73, with English capital, under the authority of Congress and Parliament and the The cost was about $1,500,000. Crossing the Niagara State and Province Governments. River, the bridge is 1,967 feet long, with two draw-openIt then traverses Squaw Island for ings of 160 feet each. 1, 167 feet, and Black-Rock Harbor for 517 feet, making a It is mainly used for railway total length of 3,651 feet. freight traffic, and unites the New-York Central, WestShore, Erie, Lackawanna, and Lehigh-Valley lines with the Grand Trunk and Michigan Central routes. wonderful Cantilever Bridge, near Niagara Falls, is one of the most interesting of American mechanical triumphs. It rests on lofty steel towers rising from the shores of the wild rushing river; and sustains a double-track railway, used by the heaviest trains. Not far away is the famous Suspension Bridge, built by Roebling in 1852-5. The New Suspension Bridge near Niagara Falls is 200 feet above the rushing river. The Arthur