CHAPTER III. THE ADMINISTRATION OF THOMAS JEFFERSON. Republican. Two Terms, 1801 to 1809. I. CABINET. PRESIDENT. 1801. Thomas Jefferson, Virginia. VICE PRESIDENTS. 1801. Aaron Burr, New York. 1805. George Clinton, New York. SECRETARY OF STATE. 1801. James Madison, Virginia. SECRETARIES OF THE TREASURY. 1801. Samuel Dexter, Massachusetts. 1802. Albert Gallatin, Pennsylvania. SECRETARY OF WAR. 1801. Henry Dearborn, Massachusetts. SECRETARIES OF THE NAVY. 1801. Benjamin Stoddart, Maryland. 1802. Robert Smith, Maryland. 1805. Jacob Crowninshield, Massachusetts. 1801. Joseph Habersham, Georgia. 1802. Gideon Granger, Connecticut. ATTORNEYS GENERAL. 1801. Theophilus Parsons, Massachusetts, (declined.) 1801. Levi Lincoln, Massachusetts. 1805. Robert Smith, Maryland. 1805. John Breckenridge, Kentucky. 1807. Cæsar A. Rodney, Delaware. II. SENATORS ELECTED PRESIDENTS PRO 1801. December, Abraham Baldwin, Georgia: III. SPEAKERS OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESEN- VIII. VII. Congress, Nathaniel Macon, North Carolina. IX. X. IV. THE FOURTH ELECTION. Electoral vote: For Thomas Jefferson, 73; Aaron Burr, 73; John Adams, 65; Charles C. Pinckney, South Carolina, 64; John Jay, New York, 1. Total, 138. Sixteen States voted. There was no choice. Jefferson and Burr, having the greatest number, and a majority of all the electors, the choice was transferred to the House of Representatives. On the first ballot, eight states voted for Jefferson, six for Burr; the votes of two states were divided and cast blank. The votes of nine states (a majority) were necessary to secure election. The ballots were repeated thirty-five times, and with exactly the same results. The voting began Wednesday, February 11, and continued from day to day, until one o'clock, P. M., February 17, when it stood: For Jefferson, ten states; for Burr, four; and blank, two. This protracted contest produced great excitement, and the result appears to have been wholly due to the efforts of Alexander Hamilton. A majority in the Federal party were inclined to give their support to Aaron Burr, and this would, of course, have secured his election as President. Hamilton, however, believing Burr to be a corrupt man, was convinced that his election would prove a public "calamity." He said, "If there be a man in the world I ought to hate, it is Jefferson. With Burr I have always been personally well. But the public good must be paramount to every private consideration." James A. Bayard, Delaware, whose vote finally decided the election, was induced to give the casting vote through the influence of Hamilton, as appears from a series of letters which passed between them on this subject. The dangers to the country in the mode of selecting the President, which this struggle disclosed, led to the adoption of the twelfth amendment, by which the President and Vice President are voted for separately on distinct lists and each independently of the other. A majority of all the votes cast for either officer is necessary to election. V. THE FIFTH ELECTION. Electoral vote: For President, Thomas Jefferson, 162 votes; C. C. Pinckney, 14. For Vice President: George Clinton, New York, 162 votes; Rufus King, New York, 14. Total, 176. Seventeen states voted. A strict party separation. VI. HISTORICAL RECORD. 1801. March 4. Jefferson took the oath of office as President in the city of Washington. The first inauguration occurred in New York City, the second and third in Philadelphia. June. The Bashaw of Tripoli declared war against the United States. The Barbary powers-Tunis, Tripoli, Algiers, and Morocco-the Northern States of Africa, were accustomed to prey upon the commerce of the world. The Tripolitans especially became very troublesome at this time. They boarded and plundered many of our vessels, and carried away American citizens into a captivity worse than death. December 10. The President, instead of delivering a speech, as had been customary hitherto at the opening of Congress, sent a message, and established a precedent which has been the practice ever since. The former method was too close a copy of British procedure on similar occasions, and besides many days of debate were consumed by the members of Congress in agreeing upon the suitable terms of reply. 1802. January 2. A stenographic reporter was admitted for the first time within the area of the Senate Chamber. The House voted to receive one in their Chamber five days later. Previously reporters were compelled to go to the galleries, where verbatim reporting was next to impossible. January 6-February 3. The Senate subjected the Judiciary System to a most thorough criticism, and after a very elaborate and profound debate, the resolution to repeal the act was passed by a Republi can majority of one vote. The repeal was carried in the House, on March 3d, by a vote of 59 to 32. April 2. Georgia ceded her Western Territoryincluding what is now the States of Alabama and Mississippi-to the Union with the express stipulation that the Ordinance of 1787 " shall in all its parts extend to the territory contained in the present cast of cession, the article only excepted which forbids slavery." November 19. Ohio admitted as the seventeenth State. An effort was made to suspend the Ordinance of 1787 in Indiana. A petition to Congress was framed by a convention of which General Harrison was chair man. A uniform law of naturalization was passed this year whereby the act of 1795 was re-affirmed, which required a residence of five years, and an application three years prior to admission. 1803. April 30. The Territory of Louisiana, embracing one million square miles, and extending from the Mississippi to the Pacific, was purchased from France for $15,000,000. Ten states, two territories, and parts of two other states have since been formed out of this magnificent domain. Napoleon, who was just entering upon his remarkable military career as a ruler, needed money for his ambitious schemes, and was quite willing to make the transfer. He desired to build up a rival to the power of England. "This accession of territory," he remarked, "strengthens forever the power of the |