February 10. South Carolina also sent a protest against the Tariff of 1828. This Administration was distinguished for remarkable activity in agriculture, manufacture, trade and commerce. The first railroad was finished, and the Erie Canal completed by the State of New York. Measures for internal improvements received favorable attention from the Government. VI. POLITICAL PARTIES. It soon became evident that the Presidential contest for the next term lay between Adams and Jackson. The opposition movement was fully organized as early as 1827. It is believed that Martin Van Buren and C. C. Cambreling made a Sourthern tour in order to unite all interests to secure the election of Jackson in 1828. The last election showed that if the friends of Jackson and Crawford were united, they could elect their candidate. The canvass against Adams was quite spirited, and Clay and Adams were denounced as guilty of "coalition, bargain and corruption." The Panama mission, on account of its failure, had gained no strength for the Administration, while the high tariff policy of 1828 encountered very fierce opposition in the South, and led to the nullification acts by South Carolina in 1832. Adams, also, was chargeable with the supposed scheme of taking New England out of the Union during the war of 1812. Jackson, too, did not escape his share of scrutiny, and received a liberal amount of criticism and abuse. It may be said that parties were being reorganized during this Administration. The Administration candidates were Adams and Rush; the opposition, Jackson and Calhoun. The "era of good feeling" began the third stage of political history. Party lines on different issues were drawn anew during the eight years of this third period, and the Jackson Democracy was formed, which entered upon its long career of rule in 1828. VII. FINANCIAL STATEMENT. There was a surplus at one time in the Treasury of $5,000,000. The public debt decreased $22,794,734, an abundant proof that economy and wisdom characterized the financial conduct of this administration. Year. Public Debt. Expenditures. Exports. Imports. 1826 1827 1828 1825 $83,788,432 $23,585,804 $99,535,388 81,054,059 24,103,398 77,595,322 73,987,357 22,656,764 82,324,727 67,475,043 25,459,479 72,264.686 $96,340,075 84,974,477 79,484,068 88,509,824 IX. OUTLINE OF CONCURRENT EVENTS. England: Great panic, 70 banks suspended in Dec. 1825, the Bank of England, however, remained firm. France Charles X.; (brother) 1821 to 1830; revival of absolutism, censorship and the Jesuits. Russia: Death of Alexander I. December 1, 1825, accession of Nicholas I. (brother), coronation Sept. 3, 1826; War with Persia 1826; Treaty with England and France to erect Greece into a kingdom July 1827. CHAPTER VII. THE ADMINISTRATION OF ANDREW JACKSON. Democratic. Two Terms, 1829 to 1837. I. CABINET. PRESIDENT. 1829. Andrew Jackson, Tennessee. VICE PRESIDENTS. 1829. John C. Calhoun, South Carolina. 1833. Martin Van Buren, New York. SECRETARIES OF STATE. 1829. Martin Van Buren, New York. 1831. Edward Livingston, Louisiana. 1833. Louis McLane, Delaware. 1834. John Forsyth, Georgia. SECRETARIES OF THE TREASURY. 1829. Samuel D. Ingham, Pennsylvania. SECRETARIES OF WAR. 1829. John H. Eaton, Tennessee. 1831. Lewis Cass, Michigan. SECRETARIES OF THE NAVY. 1829. John Branch, North Carolina. 1831. Levi Woodbury, New Hampshire. 1834. Mahlon Dickerson, New Jersey. POSTMASTERS GENERAL. 1829. William T. Barry, Kentucky. 1835. Amos Kendall, Kentucky. ATTORNEYS GENERAL. 1829. John M'Pherson Berrien, Georgia. II. CHIEF JUSTICE OF THE SUPREME COURT. 1835. December 28, Roger B. Taney, Maryland. M III. SENATORS ELECTED PRESIDENTS PRO 1832. July, Littleton W. Tazewell, Virginia. 1836. July, William R. King, Alabama. IV. SPEAKERS OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESEN TATIVES. XXI. Congress, 1829, Andrew Stevenson, Virginia. 1833, Andrew Stevenson, Virginia. 1834, Andrew Stevenson, Virginia. XXII. 66 XXIII. 66 V. THE ELEVENTH ELECTION. Popular Vote: For President, Andrew Jackson, 1 0 Tennessee, 647,231; John Quincy Adams, Massachusetts, 509,097. Electoral Vote: For President, Andrew Jackson, 178; John Quincy Adams, 83. For Vice President, John C. Calhoun, South Carolina, 171; Richard Rush, Pennsylvania, 83; William Smith, S. C., 7. Total, 261. Twenty-four States voted. VI. THE TWELFTH ELECTION. Popular Vote: For President, Andrew Jackson, 687,502; Henry Clay, 497,081; (John Floyd, Va. and William Wirt, Md.,) 33,108. Electoral Vote: For President, Andrew Jackson, 219; Henry Clay, 49; John Floyd, 11; William Wirt, 7. For Vice President, Martin Van Buren, 189; John Sergeant, Pennsylvania, 49; William Wilkins, Pennsylvania, 30; Henry Lee, Massachusetts, 11; Amos Ellmaker, Pennsylvania, 7. Total, 286. Twenty-four States voted. VII. POPULATION AND REPRESENTATION. 1830. Whites, 10,537,378; Free colored, 319,599; Slaves, 2,009,043. Total, 12,866,020. The Ratio of Representation was fixed at 47,000, giving a membership of 240. VIII. HISTORICAL RECORD. 1829. March 4. Gen. Jackson, in his inaugural address |