the Alabama Claims in 1869 caused much excitement in England, when it was looked upon as an attempt to bring about a war with that country. Mr. Sumner opposed the acquisition of Santo Domingo as proposed by President Grant. His attitude led to his deposition from the chairmanship of the Committee on Foreign Affairs. The transaction was regarded as unwarranted. Mr. Sumuer became antagonistic to President Grant's Administration, and in 1872 supported Horace Greeley for the Presidency, and was nominated by the Democratic Party of Massachusetts for Governor. The nomination was declined. He advocated the removal from the regimental colors of the army and from the army register the names of battles won by Union troops, and introduced a bill to that effect. The Legislature of Massachusetts passed a resolution censuring his course, which, however, was rescinded before his death. Upon the assassination of President Lincoln Mr. Sumner gave an oration beginning with a memorable sentence: "There are no mistakes in the universe of God.” As statesman and scholar Mr. Sumner will ever occupy an exalted position.-Author.

(4) Henry J. Raymond was born in New York City, January 24, 1820, but was taken to the country by his parents. His early years were passed on a farm. He graduated at the University of Vermont at the age of 20, studied law, but became, in 1841, associated with Horace Greeley as assistant editor of the New York "Tribune." Subsequently he was connected with the New York "Courier and Enquirer," and with the publishing house of Harper & Brothers. In 1849 he was elected to the State Senate, and the following year to the Assembly, and became Speaker. In 1851 he established the New York "Times." He was active in the formation of the Republican Party, and became Lieutenant-governor of the State, 1854. He was offered the nomination for Governor in 1857, but declined the honor. In the memorable contest between Stephen A. Douglas and Abraham Lincoln in 1858 Mr. Raymond advocated the election of Douglas. He warmly supported Mr. Seward in 1860 as candidate for the Presidency, but supported Mr. Lincoln during the campaign. He was again elected to the State Assembly in 1861, and was a candidate for Senator in 1863, but was defeated by Edwin D. Morgan. In 1864 he was elected to Congress. During his Congressional term he compiled a History of President Lincoln's Administration," also the "Life and Services of President Lincoln." He died June 18, 1869.-Author.

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*(5) H. J. Raymond's Diary, "Scribner's Magazine," January 1, 1880. (*) Ibid.

(1) Ibid., March, 1880.

(8) Ibid.

(9) Ibid.

(10) Schuyler Colfax, "Reminiscences of Abraham Lincoln,” p. 339.

(11) "Every-day Life of Abraham Lincoln," p. 592.

(12) Ibid., 498.

His early

(13) Benjamin F. Wade was born in Springfield, Mass., October 27, 1810. life was one of great hardship. His boyhood was passed on a farm. When thirteen years old he aided in driving a herd of cattle from Massachusetts to Philadelphia. He worked as a laborer in the construction of the Erie Canal, earning sufficient money to begin the study of medicine, but the legal profession being more congenial to his taste, he became an attorney when twenty years of age at Jefferson, O., forming a partnership with Joshua R. Giddings. In 1835 he was elected prosecuting attorney of Ashtabula County, and in 1837 a member of the State Senate. He was elected to the Senate of the United States, 1851. He was a determined opponent of the aggressions of the slave power. He made a brave and resolute speech in the Senate after the brutal assault upon Senator Charles Sumner by Preston S. Brooks, of South Carolina. He was made chairman of the Committee on the Conduct of the War. After the death of President

Lincoln he became, as President of the Senate, acting Vice-president of the United States. He was ever outspoken in his opinions. He died at Jefferson, O., 1878.-Author.

(14) Owen Lovejoy was born in Allison Me., 1811. His father was a Congregationalist minister. He worked on a farm till eighteen years of age, and then by his own exertions paid his way through Bowdoin College. He was present at Alton, Ill., when his brother, Rev. E. P. Lovejoy, was murdered by a pro-slavery mob in defence of the liberty of the Press. Over the dead body of his brother he vowed eternal hostility to slavery. He prepared himself for the clerical profession, and became pastor of the Congregational church, Princeton, Ill. The church excluded slave-holders from its fellowship. Mr. Lovejoy was active in aiding fugitive slaves to reach Canada. He took an active part in political affairs and was elected to the Legislature of Illinois, where he made the acquaintance of Mr. Lincoln, and became his personal friend. He was elected to Congress, 1858. He took a prominent part in debate, and was held in high esteem by his political opponents for nobility of character and uncompromising fidelity to principle. He was a frequent visitor to the White House, and was greatly beloved by the President.-Author.

(15) J. W. Forney, "Anecdotes of Public Men," vol. i., p. 167.

(16) George S. Boutwell, "Reminiscences of Abraham Lincoln," p. 128. (17) Ibid.

CHAPTER XX.

GETTYSBURG.

THE HE sun was setting on the last day of June when a division of Union cavalry under General Buford entered the town of Gettysburg. The scouts had been watching the roads leading through the mountains towards the Cumberland Valley. During the previous night they had seen the Confederate camp-fires gleaming in the west. General Buford had been directed by General Reynolds to proceed to Gettysburg and hold that section of the country. It was known that Ewell's corps of the Confederate army was near Harrisburg, and the main body of the army west of Gettysburg. Reynolds saw that a collision must soon take place. The cavalrymen, as they wheeled into the public square, beheld Pettigrew's brigade of Confederate infantry descending the hill on the Chambersburg turnpike west of the town. They were intending to help themselves to boots, shoes, and clothing from the stores, but, seeing the Union troops, they retraced their steps to Herr's Tavern, beyond Willoughby Run. The cavalry followed to that stream, along which the pickets of both armies watched through the night.

From the road in front of the tavern, at seven o'clock in the July 1. morning, Pegram's cannon sent a shell across Willoughby Run, 1863. and a moment later the guns of Calef's battery made reply. The battle of Gettysburg had begun.

The scenes of that conflict are a part of the history of the war. (See "Marching to Victory.") It has come to be regarded as the turningpoint of the Rebellion -- deciding the destiny of the nation and of republican government.

Through the forenoon of the national holiday I was riding over the battle-field. The Confederates were holding the ground along the woods from whence Pickett's division advanced on the preceding July 4. afternoon, but behind the outposts were unmistakable signs that Lee was preparing to retreat. A little later I saw baggage- wagons

winding along the road westward. At General Meade's headquarters it was believed that Lee was intending to retire at nightfall. The next morning I entered the Eutaw House, in Baltimore. The corridor was filled with anxious men, among them Henry Winter Davis and Elihu B. Washburne, members of Congress. They had heard of the repulse of Pickett's division and were anxious for further information.

"Where are you from?" Washburne asked. "Gettysburg."

"What's the news?"

"We have won the greatest battle of the war."

"Now, see here; don't tell a lie. We have been deceived often enough. Is it true?"

"I have been all over the battle-field, and the rebels are in retreat." "Hurrah! Hurrah!" the shout.

The next moment Washburne and Davis were hugging each other. General Schenck, commander of the military department, seized me by the arm, led me to his own room, closed the door, asked when I had left the field, and what I had seen. He telegraphed the information to the President. It was the first report received in Washington of the movement of Lee towards Virginia.

At no period of the war did the President exhibit such anxiety as during the week succeeding the appointment of General Meade to command the army.

"I shall never forget," writes a Senator, "the painful anxiety of those few days when the fate of the nation seemed to hang in the balance, nor the restless solicitude of Mr. Lincoln, as he paced up and down the room, reading despatches, soliloquizing, and often stopping to trace the map which hung against the wall; nor the relief we all felt when the fact was established that victory, though gained at a fearful cost, was indeed on the side of the Union." (')

July 5.

After the President received the telegram from General Schenck that the Confederates were retreating from Gettysburg, he proceeded to the Ebbitt House to call upon General Sickles, who was wounded during the second day's engagement, and who had arrived in Washington. General James B. Rusling (2) was with General Sickles when Mr. Lincoln entered the room. There was no longer any sign of anxiety on the face of the President as he shook hands with the wounded commander.

"Were you not worried, Mr. President, as to what might be the result of the battle?" Sickles asked.

"Oh no; I thought it would all come out right."

"But you must have been the only man who felt so,” replied Sickles, "for I understand that there was a deep feeling of anxiety here among the heads of the Government."

"Yes," replied the President, "Stanton, Welles, and the rest were pretty badly rattled. They ordered two or three gunboats up to the city and placed some of the Government archives aboard, and wanted me to go aboard; but I told them it wasn't necessary, and that it would be all right.” "But what made you feel so confident, Mr. President?" persisted General Sickles.

"Oh, I had my reasons; but I don't care to mention them, for they would perhaps be laughed at," said Lincoln.

The curiosity of both the other gentlemen was greatly excited, and General Sickles again pressed Mr. Lincoln for the grounds of his confidence. Finally, Lincoln said:

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Well, I will tell you why I felt confident we should win at Gettysburg. Before the battle I retired alone to my room in the White House, and got down on my knees and prayed to the Almighty God to give us the victory. I said to Him that this was His war, and that if He would stand by the nation now, I would stand by Him the rest of my life. He gave us the victory, and I propose to keep my pledge. I arose from my knees with a feeling of deep and serene confidence, and had no doubt of the result from that hour."

"General Sickles and myself," said Rusling, "were both profoundly impressed by Lincoln's words, and for some minutes complete silence reigned. Then Sickles, turning over on his couch, said:

"Well, Mr. President, how do you feel about the Vicksburg campaign?"

"Oh, I think that will be all right, too. Grant is pegging away at the enemy, and I have great confidence in him. I like Grant. He doesn't bother me or give any trouble. I prayed for success there, too; I told the Lord about the Vicksburg campaign; that victory there would cut the Confederacy in two, and would be the decisive one of the war. I have abiding faith that we shall come out all right at Vicksburg. If Grant wins I shall stick to him though the war."

In the congratulatory address issued by General Meade after the battle, he urged the soldiers "to drive the invaders from our soil." The President read it; his hands fell upon his knees and the old-time sadness appeared, as he exclaimed, "Drive the invaders from our soil! My God! Is that all?" (")