50.000; in 1860 it had reached 100,341, and a recent estimate gives the number at about 200,000.

Lima was founded January 18, 1535, by Francisco Pizarro, who named it Ciudad de los Reyes in honor of the emperor Charles V. Remaining under Spanish rule during the seventeenth, eighteenth and the early part of the nineteenth centuries, the city continued to increase in prosperity, though often visited by terrible earthquakes, of which the most disastrous was that of October 28, 1746, when 5,000 of the inhabitants perished and the port of Callao was destroyed (see CALLAO). On July 12, 1821, after a siege of some months, Lima was entered by a Chilian force under General San Martin, who on the 28th was proclaimed protector of Peru as a free state, but its independence was not finally secured until after the victory of Ayacucho, December 9, 1824. In November, 1864, a congress of plenipotentiaries from Chili and other South American states was held here to concert measures of mutual defense. Of the various revolts which have during the last few years taken place at Lima may be mentioned that of November, 1865, when President Pezet was displaced for Canseco; the riots against religious toleration, April | 15, 1867; and the military insurrection July 22, 1872, | when Gutierrez, minister of war, arbitrarily assumed power, had President Balta imprisoned and shot, but himself soon fell a victim to the popular fury; order being afterward with difficulty restored by Vice-President Zavallos. In consequence of the ill-success of the war with Chili, Lima toward the close of 1879 was again in an unsettled condition; President Prado fled, an i on December 22d, after a sanguinary coup d'état, Pierola was proclaimed dictator. In April, 1880, Callao was blockaded by Chilian war-ships, and Lima had to be placed in a state of defense. On the 20th of November the Chilian army effected a landing at Pisco, a fortified place about 100 miles south of Lima, and having afterward advanced upon the capital, forcibly occupied it upon January 17, 1881. (See CHILI, ante.) LIMA, the capital of Allen county, Ohio, is situated on the Ottawa river, seventy miles from Toledo, at the crossing of several important railroads. It contains one national and three other banks, four newspaper offices, several hotels, a high school and two union schools, several steam mills and factories of steam-engines, furniture, railroad cars, etc. Population (1890), 17,000. LIMBORCH, PHILIP VAN, a prominent Remonstrant theologian, was born at Amsterdam in 1663, and died in 1712.

LIMBURG, or LIMBOURG, one of the nine provinces of Belgium, is bounded on the north and east by Holland, on the south by the province of Liége, and on the west by those of Brabant and Antwerp; the area is 932 square miles, with a population of 211,694. The surface is for the most part flat, but rising somewhat toward the southeast. Most of the province is included in the barren and marshy district of sandy heath known as La Campine (Flem., Kempen). The Meuse, with a tolerably fertile valley, is its chief river. The soil is metalliferous; the chief vegetable products are cereals, leguminous plants, flax, hemp, and beetroot; and stockbreeding is largely carried on. Industries are less developed in Limburg than in the rest of Belgium; but the distilleries of the province are very considerable and noted. One of the most interesting towns of the province is ST. TROND (9.7.) thought to be the ancient Atuaticum Oppidum, the oldest town in Belgium. Near Tongres is a mineral well, described by Pliny.

LIMBURG, or LIMBOURG, one of the eleven provinces of Holland, is bounded on the west by Belgium (Limburg) and North Brabant, on the north by North Brabant and Guelderland, on the east by Rhenish Prus

sia, and on the south by Belgium (Liége), and has an area of 851 square miles, with a population of 235,135 (97 per cent. being Roman Catholics).

LIMBURG, a town in the circle of Unterlahn and district of Wiesbaden, Prussia, is situated 360 feet above the sea-level, on the Lahn, here crossed by a bridge dating from 1315, and on the Nassau Railway, midway between Coblentz and Wetzlar. Population, 6,000. LIMBUS. The Limbus Infantum or Puerorum in medieval theology is the "margin" or "border" (limbus) of hell to which human beings dying without actual sin, but with their original sin unwashed away by baptism, were held to be consigned; the category included, not unbaptized infants merely, but also idiots, cretins, and the like. The word "limbus," in the theological application, occurs first in the Summa of Thomas Aquinas; for its extensive currency it is perhaps most indebted to the Commedia of Dante. The question as to the destiny of infants dying unbaptized presented itself to theologians at a comparatively early period, and received very various answers. Generally speaking, it may be said that the Greek fathers inclined to a cheerful and the Latin to a gloomy view. Thus Gregory of Nazianzus (Orat. 40) says "that such children as die unbaptized without their own fault shall neither be glorified nor punished by the righteous Judge, as having done no wickedness, though they die unbaptized, and as rather suffering loss than being the author of it." Similar opinions have been expressed by Gregory of Nyssa, Severus of Antioch, and others opinions which it is almost impossible to distinguish from the Pelagian view that children dying unbaptized might be admitted to eternal life though not to the kingdom of God. In this recoil from Pelagian heresy, Augustine was compelled to sharpen the antithesis between the state of the saved and that of the lost, and taught that there are only two alternatives-to be with Christ or the devil, to be with Him or against Him. Following up, as he thought, his master's teaching, Fulgentius declared that it is to be believed as an indubitable truth that, "not only men who have come to the use of reason, but infants dying, whether in their mother's womb or after birth, without baptism in the name of the Father, Son, and Holy Ghost, are punished with everlasting punishment in eternal fire." Later theologians and schoolmen followed Augustine in rejecting the notion of any final position intermediate between heaven and hell, but otherwise inclined with practical unanimity to take the mildest possible view of the destiny of the irresponsible and unbaptized. The first authoritative declaration of the Latin Church upon this subject was that made by the second council of Lyons (1274), and confirmed by the council of Florence (1439), with the concurrence of the representatives of the Greek Church, to the effect that "the souls of those who die in mortal sin or in original sin only forthwith descend to hell, but to be punished with unequal punishment." In the council of Trent there was considerable difference of opinion as to what was implied in deprivation of the vision of God, and no definition was attempted, the Dominicans maintaining the severer view that the "limbus infantum was a dark subterranean fireless chamber, while the Franciscans placed it in a lightsome locality above the earth. Some theologians continue to maintain with Bellarmine that the infants "in limbo" are affected with some degree of sadness on account of a felt privation; others, following Sfrondati, hold that they enjoy every kind of natural felicity, as regards their souls now, an l as regards their bodies after the resurrection, just as if Adam had not sinned. In the condemnation (1794) of the synod of Pistoia (1786), the twenty-sixth article declares it to be false, rash, and injurious to treat as

lands by the ancients. The wood is used by carvers, being soft and light, and by architects in framing the models of buildings. Turners use it for light bowls, etc. The flowers, alone, are used for an infusion in Austria and elsewhere, with much success in vertigo and spasms, producing perspiration, and alleviating coughs; but the bracts and fruit are astringent.

LIMERICK, a maritime county of Ireland, in the province of Munster, is bounded on the north by the estuary of the Shannon and the counties of Clare and Tipperary, on the east by Tipperary, on the south by Cork, and on the west by Kerry. Its greatest length from north to south is thirty-five miles, and its greatest breadth east and west fifty-four miles. The total area comprises 662,973 acres, or 1,036 square miles.

The greater part of the county is comparatively level, and rests on limestone, but in the southeast the picturesque Galtees, which extend into Tipperary, and are composed of Silurian strata overlaid by Old Red Sandstone, attain in Galtymore a height of 3,015 feet, and on the west stretching into Kerry there is a circular amphitheater of less elevated mountains composed of volcanic rocks. The Shannon is navigable to Limerick, above which are the rapids of Doonas and Castleroy. The Maig, which rises in the Galtees, and flows into the Shannon, is navigable as far as the town of Adare. Limerick includes the greater part of the Golden Vale, the most fertile district of Ireland, which stretches across the center of the county from Cashel in Tipperary to near the town of Limerick. Along the banks of the Shannon there are large tracts of flat meadow land formed of deposits of calcareous and peaty matter, and possessing extraordinary fertility. The soil in the mountainous districts is, for the most part, thin and poor, and incapable of improvement. In 1880 there were 176,774 acres under tillage, 415,107 pasture, 8,407 plantations, and 62,465 waste.

The inhabitants are employed chiefly in agriculture, but coarse woolens are manufactured, and also paper, and there are a considerable number of meal and flour mills. Population 180,632 in 1888.

LIMERICK, a county of a city, parliamentary borough, and the chief town of the county of Limerick, is situated on both sides of the Shannon at the head of its estuary, and on an island of the river, 120 miles west-southwest of Dublin by rail. The population in 1851 was 48.961, which in 1871 had increased to 48,980, but in 1881 had diminished to 48,246.

Limerick is said to have been the ancient Regia of Ptolemy and the Rosse-de-Nailleagh of the Annals of Multifernan. There is a tradition that it was visited by St. Patrick in the fifth century, but it is first authentically known as a settlement of the Danes, who in the middle of the ninth century made it one of their principal towns, but were expelled from it in the eleventh century by Brian Boroimhe. The city was frequently besieged in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. In the fifteenth century its fortifications were extended to include Irish Town, and until their demolition in 1760 it was one of the strongest fortresses in the kingdom. In 1651 it was taken by General Ireton, and after an unsuccessful siege by William III. in 1690 its resistance was terminated in October of the following year by the treaty of Limerick. The town first obtained municipal privileges in 1199, and these were confirmed and extended by Edward I. and other sovereigns. In 1609 it received a charter constituting it a county of a city, and also incorporating a society of merchants of the staple, with the same privileges as the merchants of the staple of Dublin and Waterford.

LIMITATIONS, STATUTES OF, are laws by which rights of action are limited to a fixed period after the oc

currence of the events giving rise to the cause of action. This is one of the devices by which lapse of time is employed to settle disputed claims. There are mainly two modes by which this may be effected. We may say that the active enjoyment of a right-or possession for a determined period, shall be a good title against all the world. That is the method generally known as PRESCRIPTION, (q.v.) It looks to the length of time during which the defendant in a disputed claim has been in possession or enjoyment of the matter in dispute. On the other hand, the principle of the statutes of limi tation is to look to the time during which the plaintiff has been out of possession. The point of time at which he might first have brought his action having been ascertained, the lapse of the limited period after that time bars him forever from bringing his action. In both cases the policy of the law is expressed by the maxim Interest reipublicæ ut sit finis litium.

The principle of the statute of limitations has passed, with some modification, into the statute-books of every State in the Union, except Louisiana, whose laws of limitation are essentially the prescriptions of the civil law drawn from the Partidas, or “Spanish Code." As to personal actions, it is generally provided that they shall be brought within a certain specified time-usually six years or less-from the time when the cause of action accrues, and not after, while for land the "general if not universal limitation of the right to bring action or to make entry is to twenty years after the right to enter or to bring the action accrues." The constitutional provision prohibiting States from passing laws impairing the obligation of contracts is not infringed by a law of limitations, unless it bars a right of action already accrued without giving a reasonable term within which to bring the action.

LIMOGES, capital of the department of Haute Vienne, France, and the ancient capital of Limousin, lies in the form of an amphitheater on the right bank of the Vienne, 248 miles by rail south-southwest from Paris, on the Paris and Toulouse Railway, at its junction with the Charente line. It has also direct railway communication via Bellac with Poitiers. The population is 60,000. In spite of many modern improvements and clearances, commencing with the administration of Turgot in 1762, the city still contains old quarters, which are dark, wretched, and unhealthy.

The cathedral, the most remarkable building, not only in the town but in the province, is in the Parisian Ogival style, and occupies the site of an old heathen basilica, which, according to tradition, was transformed into a Christian church by St. Martial. The present edifice was built between 1273 and 1327, and has been recently restored, the north front of the transept, distinguished by the richness and perfection of its details, having been finally completed in 1851. The campanile is an elegant slightly leaning tower, 204 feet high. The interior of the church is remarkable for the boldness and elegance of its construction. It has a magnificent rood-loft, attributed to Bishop Jean de Langeac (1533); close by the choir screen is the mausoleum of the same prelate. The glass was repaired in the sixteenth century, but is still undergoing restoration. Under the choir is the crypt of the old Roman church, containing frescoes of the eleventh century. Limoges is the headquarters of the twelfth army corps, and is also the seat of several learned societies, and of a court of appeal.

The principal industry is the manufacture of porcelain. There is an extensive trade in wine and spirits, cattle, cereals, and wood. Limoges was a place of importance even at the time of the Roman conquest, and sent 10.000 soldiers to the defense of Alesia.

LINACRE, or LYNAKER, THOMAS, a distinguished

humanist and physician, was born at Canterbury about the year 1460. Of his parentage or descent nothing certain is known. Linacre entered the university of Oxford about the year 1480, and in 1484 was elected a fellow of All Souls' College. Shortly afterward he visited Italy in the train of William of Selling, who was sent by Henry VIII. as an envoy to the papal court, and accompanied his patron as far as Bologna. There he became the pupil of Angelo Poliziano, and afterward shared the instruction which that great scholar imparted at Florence to the youthful sons of Lorenzo de' Medici. The younger of these princes became Pope Leo X., and was in after years mindful of his old companionship.

Linacre took the degree of doctor of medicine with great distinction at Padua. On his return to Oxford, full of learning and imbued with the spirit of the Italian Renaissance, he formed one of the brilliant circle of Oxford scholars, including Colet, Grocyn, and William Latimer, who are mentioned with so much warm eulogy in the letters of Erasmus.

Linacre does not seem to have practiced or taught medicine at Oxford. About the year 1501 he was called to court as tutor of the young Prince Arthur; and continued to act in this capacity till the prince's death in 1503. On the accession of Henry VIII. he was appointed the king's physician, an office at that time of considerable influence and importance, and practiced medicine in London, having among his patients most of the great statesmen and prelates of the time, as Wolsey, Warham, and Fox.

After some years of professional activity, and when in advanced life, Linacre received priest's orders. Literary labors and the cares of the foundation which owed its existence chiefly to him, the Royal College of Physicians, occupied Linacre's remaining years till his death in 1524.

LINARES, an important mining town in the province of Jaen, Spain, is situated in an arid plain, near the foot of the Sierra Morena, twenty-four miles north-northeast from the town of Jaen, twelve northeast from that of Baeza, and half an hour by rail from the Vadollano station of the Madrid and Cordova line.

LINCOLN, one of the four eastern maritime counties of England. It is bounded on the north by the Humber, east by the German Ocean and the Wash, southeast for three miles by Norfolk, south by Cambridge and Northampton, southwest by Rutland, west by Leicestershire and Notts, and northwest by Yorkshire. Its greatest length north and south, from Bartonon-Humber to Market Deeping, is seventy-five miles; its greatest breadth, from Wroot on the west to Saltfleet on the east, is fifty miles, its circuit about 260 miles. Its area is 1,767,962 acres, or about 2,762 square miles, making it the second largest county in England. The coast-line, about 110 miles in length, is low and marshy, and artificial banks for guarding against the inroads of the sea are to be found, in places, all along the coast. From Grimsby to Skegness traces of submarine forest are visible; but while the sea is encroaching upon some parts of the coast it is receding from others, as shown by Holbeach, which is now six miles from the sea. Several thousand acres have been reclaimed from this part of the Wash, and round the mouth of the Nene on the southeast. The deep bay between the coasts of Lincolnshire and Norfolk, called the Wash, is full of dangerous sandbanks and silt; the navigable portion, off the Lincolnshire coast, is known as the Boston deeps. The rapidity of the tides in this inlet, and the lowness of its shores, which are generally indistinct on account of mist from a moderate offing, render this the most difficult portion of the navigation of the east coast of England,

The surface of Lincolnshire is generally a large plain, some portions of which are below the level of the

sea.

The general appearance of the county is very pleasing, The level tracts are richly cultivated; the hills and dales are interspersed with wood and lawn; and many spots on the Cliff or Wolds command extensive and charming views.

According to the agricultural returns for 1881, the total area under crops comprehended 1,498,676 acres. The agriculture of Lincolnshire is only second to that of East Lothian, by which alone it is excelled in the use of fixed steam-engines upon its farmsteads.

Administration.-The primary divisions of Lincolnshire are three trithings or ridings. The north division constitutes the Parts of Lindsey, the southwest the Parts of Kesteven, and the southeast the Parts of Holland. Each of these divisions had before the Norman Conquest its own trithing gerefa or reeve, and to this day each has its separate magistrates, quarter sessions, clerk of the peace, and treasurer, but they are all under one lord-lieutenant and one sheriff, and subject to the court of assize held at Lincoln. These "Parts" are again subdivided into wapentakes, soke, and hundreds. The trithings do not in any way coincide with parliamentary divisions. The Parts of Lindsey comprise more than half the county, and contain seventeen wapentakes. The Parts of Kesteven, exclusive of the soke and borough of Grantham and the borough of Stamford, comprise nine wapentakes. The Parts of Holland comprise three wapentakes only. Before the passing of the Reform Act of 1832 Lincolnshire sent twelve members to parliament-two for the county, two for the city of Lincoln, and two each for the boroughs of Great Grimsby, Boston, Grantham, and Stamford. After the passing of that act the county returned four members, and Grimsby lost one. In 1867 Stamford also lost a member, and the representation of the county, newly divided into Mid, North, and South Lincolnshire, was increased to six, each new division returning two members. Lincolnshire comprises one city, Lincoln (population, 37,312), which is also a municipal and parliamentary borough; four other municipal and parliamentary boroughs--Boston (18,867), Grantham (17,345), Great Grimsby (45,373), Stamford, partly in Northampton (8,995); and one municipal borough-Louth (10,690).

The county belongs to the midland circuit. Besides the winter and summer assizes held at Lincoln, there are spring assizes held at the same place for Lincoln and Notts, and autumn assizes at Nottingham for Notts and Lincoln. Quarter sessions for the Parts of Lindsey are held at Lincoln and Spilsby, for the Parts of Kesteven at Bourn and Sleaford, for the Parts of Holland at Boston and Spalding. The county is divided into seventeen county court districts, many of which coincide with the unions. For the convenience of rating there are eighteen poor-law unions; five of these, however, include eighty parishes in the adjacent counties. Ecclesiastically the county, with that of Nottingham, forms the diocese of Lincoln, which is divided into the three archdeaconries of Lincoln, Stow, and Nottingham, the latter place giving title to a suffragan bishop without a see. In 1881 the population of the county was 469,994 (235,014 males and 234,980 females).

History and Antiquities. It is highly probable that the territory now forming Lincolnshire was first settled by a tribe of the Belge, who, however, at the time of the invasion by Cæsar, had become a mixed race with the real Britons. This territory was unaffected by Caesar's first invasion, and even after the reduction of Britain by Claudius the Fenland remained intact. The

county was conquered about 70 A.D., and formed part of the province of Flavia Cæsariensis. The tribes which occupied Lincolnshire, according to Ptolemy, were the Coritani, who had Lindum and Kate (Leicester) for their towns. The date of the introduction of Christianity is uncertain, but we learn from Bede (Hist. Eccies., ii. 16) that Adelphius of Colonia Londinensium, which has been mistaken for London, attended the council of Arles (314). Under the Saxon kingdom of Mercia, Lindsey, which probably extended nearly or quite over the modern county of Lincoln, appears to have been a dependent state. Under Edwin of Northumbria, the conqueror of Mercia, Christianity was reintroduced by Paulinus of York, and Bede tells us that Blacca, the governor of Lincoln, was, with his household, among the first converts (628).

Early in 870 the Danes or Northmen landed at Humberstone, near Grimsby, and ravaged Lindsey and the famous monastery of Bardney on the Witham. Lincolnshire passed permanently into the hands of the Danes about 877, and was included within the boundary of the Danelage" of Danish jurisdiction as settled by the treaty of 878. Probably the greatest changes consequent upon the Danish invasion are, first, the supplanting of the Anglo-Saxon names of places by those of the Danish termination ending in by, which are numerous, and the substitution of the wapentake for the earlier division of the hundred; the ancient British laws and those of the Danes were otherwise not dissimilar. In time the two populations became amalgamated and came under the dominion of the Anglo-Saxon crown. The subsequent history of the county under the Normans is associated more or less with the city of Lincoln. In the civil war between Stephen and the empress Matilda a battle was fought near Lincoln in 1141. In 1174 the Isle of Axholme was the scene of the struggle between Roger de Mowbray, one of the adherents of Prince Henry, and the forces sent against him by his father Henry II. The issue was decided by the Lincolnshire men in favor of the king. In 1216 occurred King John's march across the county, when he lost all his baggage and jewels in the Fossdyke Wash on his way to Swineshead Abbey. In the reign of Edward IV. Sir Robert Wells, at the head of 30,000 Lincolnshire men, was defeated at Losecoat Field near Stamford, March, 1470. At the suppression of the monasteries a rebellion broke out at Louth headed by Makerel, the last prior of the abbey of Barlings Oxney, October, 1536. The prior was hanged, and the shire for the trouble it gave to King Henry VIII. was designated in a state paper as "one of the most brute and beestalie of the whole realm." During the civil wars the county was a scene of numerous contests, the most famous of which was the battle at Grantham in 1643, won by Cromwell over the royalists. The advantage that was taken by the Fenmen to destroy the efforts made to drain and inclose the remaining levels of Lincolnshire during this stormy period has been already noticed. Riots broke out at intervals, and were continued down to the middle of the eighteenth century.

and Julian have been found at Lincoln and Ancaster, and two Roman altars to the west of Stow.

There are remains of feudal castles at Boston, Lincoln, Sleaford, Somerton, Tattershall, and Torksey. The seats worthy of note (chiefly modern) are Appleby Hall, Aswarby Hall, Belton House, Blankney Hall, Brocklesby, Bulby House, Burghley House (near Stamford), Burton Hall, Casewick House, Denton Hall, Easton Hall, Hackthorn Hall, Haverholm Priory, Lea Hall, Leadenham House, Manby Hall, Newton House, Nocton Hall, Normanby Hall, Norton Place, Panton Hall, Riby Grove, Somerby Park, Stourton, Syston Park, Thonock House, Thurlby Hall, Uffington, and Willingham by Stow.

At the time of the suppression of the monasteries in the reign of Henry VIII. there were upward of one hundred religious houses; and among the Fens rose some of the finest abbeys held by the Benedictines. The Gilbertines were a purely English order which took its rise in Lincolnshire, the canons following the Austin rule, the nuns and lay brothers that of the Cistercians. They generally lived in separate houses, but forined a community having a common church in which the sexes were divided by a longitudinal wall. These houses were at Alvingham, Catley, Holland Brigg, Lincoln, before the gate of which was erected the first Eleanor Cross, Newstead in Lindsey, Semperingham, the chief house of the order, founded by St. Gilbert of Gaunt in 1139, Stamford (a college for students), and Welles. There were nunneries of the order at Haverholm, Nun Ormsby, and Tunstal.

The following are a few of the most famous abbeys:(1) Barlings Oxney (Premonstratensian), founded 1154, for fourteen canons. The tower, Decorated, with arcading pierced with windows, and the east wall of the south wing remain. (2) The Benedictine Mitred Abbey of Crowland, founded 716, refounded in 948. The foundations of the new church in 1114 were laid on massive piles of oak. Part of the west front was repaired in 1255-81, with beautiful Early English sculpture of the legend of St. Guthlac and saints; this, with the Perpendicular northwest tower, 1460-70, remain. (3) Swineshead Abbey (Carthusian), colonized from Furness in 1134 by eleven monks. (4) Thornton-uponHumber Abbey (Black Canons), founded in 1139. There remain a fragment of the south wing of the transept, two sides of the decagonal chapter-house (1282), and the beautiful west gatehouse, Early Perpendicular (1382–88), with an oriel window on the east.

In

The general beauty of the parish churches of Lincolnshire is proverbial, but it is incorrect to suppose that they are equally good in every part of the county. the Parts of Lindsey, though there are some of consid. erable beauty and interest, the churches can scarcely be considered above the average; several though small and mean present curious early features, particularly the well-known tower of St. Peter, Barton-on-Humber, supposed to be of the Saxon period, and those of Crowle, Heapham, and Stow. Those of Grimsby and Wainfleet are cruciform.

St. Andrew Heckington is the best example of Middle Pointed architecture in the county; it is famed for its Easter sepulcher and fine sedilia. The largest and finest church in this division is doubtless that of St. Wolfran, at Grantham, 200 by 87 feet, with three collateral naves, and steeple, 271 feet high, of the fourteenth century.