Aliens, rights to be conceded to, in cer-
tain treaties, 189. See Foreigners.
Acquisition, national spirit of, reflections | Allegiance of people of the colonies,
on, 515.
ADAMS, JOHN, delegate to first Conti-
nental Congress, 8. On Washington's
appointment as commander-in-chief,
27. One of the committee to prepare
Declaration of Independence, 35. His
account of the Declaration, 57. First
minister to Great Britain, 173. An-
swer to his complaints about the
treaty, 173. Instructed to negotiate
treaty with the Netherlands, 189.
One of the commissioners to procure
commercial treaties, 193. Views of,
respecting taxation of slaves, 414.
Practice of, respecting cabinet, 576.
ADAMS, SAMUEL, delegate to first Con-
tinental Congress, 8. Reserve of,
respecting Constitution, 651. Disap-
approves of Constitution, 651. Char-
acter of, 651. Position of, in conven-
tion of Massachusetts, 651. In favor
of Hancock's amendments to Consti-
tution, 654.
ADAMS, captain in the Revolutionary
naval force, 51.
Address of the Colonies to the people of
Great Britain, 15.
Admiralty Jurisdiction, criminal, 526. Of
courts of United States, 599. Under
Confederation, 599.
Adoption of Constitution, mode of, rec-
ommended, 555.
Albany, convention of colonies at, in
1753-54, 4.
Alexandria, meeting of commissioners at,
from Virginia and Maryland, 230.
Alexandria Commissioners, visit General
Washington, 285. Report of, received
in Virginia legislature, 285.
4lliance. See Treaty of Alliance.
Ambassadors, proposed appointment of,
by Senate, 457, 577; by president,
465. Received by president, 580. To
be nominated by president, 581. Ju-
risdiction of cases affecting, 598.
Amendment of Constitution, 364. Pro-
vision for, adopted without debate,
426. And revolution, distinction be-
tween, 613.
Amendments of Constitution, when to be
proposed by Congress, 487. How to
be proposed and adopted, 613. How
ratified, 616. Power to make, limit-
ed, 616. States at liberty to propose,
621. Proposed by Hancock, 653;
by Massachusetts, classified, 655; by
South Carolina, 660; by Patrick
Henry, 681; by Virginia, 682; by
New York, 686, 687; by North Caro-
lina, 692, 693. Refused in Maryland
convention, 657. Proposed, not made
conditions of adoption, 662.
Amendments of Articles of Confederation,
how made, 364, 613, 618.
America, natural advantages of, for com-
mercial pursuits, 513. Variety of cli-
mate and products of, 514.
American Constitutions, character of, 175.
American Feeling, Washington's efforts
to create, 76.
American People perceive the insufficien-
cy of state governments, 79. Early
familiarity of, with the principles of
government, 80. Perceive the neces-
sity of a union, 84. See People of
America.
American Revolution, commencement of,
1. Attempt to alter charter govern- !
ments, a principal cause of, 3. Found
local legislatures in all the colonies,
Fundamental principle estab-
lished by, 256. Object and effects of,
440. Policy which led to, real cause
of, 467. Effect of, on views of people
of United States, relating to govern-
ment, 467.
Annapolis, general commercial conven-
tion at, 219, 231, 234. Recommends
general convention to revise the fed-
eral system, 234. Recommendation,
how received, 237. See HAMILTON
and MADISON.
Annapolis Commissioners, report of, acted
upon in Congress, 240.
Anti-Federalists, plan of, to postpone ac-
tion of Virginia on Constitution, 673.
See Federalists.
Appropriation Bills, provision concern-
ing, objected to, 407. See Money Bills
and Revenue Bills.
Arms of the United States, when adopted,
103.
ARMSTRONG, JOHN, wrote the Newburgh
Addresses, 112.
Army, power of Congress to raise and
support, 527. Appropriation of money
for support of, 528. Power of Con-
gress to make rules for, 528. Stand-
ing, repugnant to American feelings,
529. Not to be kept by states in time
of peace, 552. President commander-
in-chief of, 578. Power of President
to employ, 579.
Army of the Revolution, first suggested,
20. How first raised, 21. State of,
when Washington arrived at Cam-
bridge, 38. How constituted, 40.
Committee of Congress sent to ex-
amine, 41. Short enlistments in, how
accounted for, 42. Discontents in, 54,
106, 124. History of, after the evacu-
ation of Boston, 63. Reorganized, 64,
65. Defects in organization of, 65.
Officers of, how appointed, 65; how
treated in 1776, 66. Bad construction
of, 66, 68. Third effort of Washing-
ton to reorganize, 76. Embarrass-
ments and difficulties attending, 76,
77. State of, in April, 1777, 77, 78; in
May, 1782, 106.
Arrest, privilege from, 483.
Arsenals, authority of Congress over,
Articles of Confederation, 713. Reported
in Congress, and recommended to the
states, 37, 72, 79. Adoption of, by
the states, 86. Amendments to, pro-
posed by the states, 89; by New Jer-
sey, for regulation of commerce, 89.
Chief obstacle to the completion of,
90. States urged to accede to, 93.
Ratified by New Jersey, 93; by Dela-
ware, 93; by Maryland, 94. Comple-
tion of, announced, 94. Established
by patriotic sacrifices, 95. Outline of,
98. Construction of third article of,
178. Amendment of, at first contem-
plated, 323. How altered, 364, 427.
Citizenship under, 446. Effort to in-
clude in, power over our western
territory, 533. Admission of new
states under, 535, 536. On what
terms ratified by smaller states, 536.
Restraints imposed on states by,
547. Inter-state privileges under,
600. Circular letter of Congress,
recommending adoption of, 699.
Representation of New Jersey re-
specting, 700. Act of New Jersey
accepting, 703. Resolves of Dela-
ware respecting, 704. Action of
Maryland on, 707; of New York on,
Assemblies in Provincial governments,
how constituted, 2.
Assembling, one of the common-law
rights, 15.
Association, drawn up by House of Bur-
gesses in Virginia, 7. For non-im-
portation, etc., how carried out by
colonists, 15.
Attainder, Bills of, defined, 545. Con-
gress prohibited to pass, 545. States
prohibited to pass, 550.
Attestation to Constitution, form of, 621.
B.
BALDWIN, ABRAHAM, model of Senate
suggested by, 401. Vote and views
of, respecting representation in Sen-
ate, 403.
Baltimore, public rejoicings in, in honor
of Constitution, 657.
BARNWELL, ROBERT, in favor of Consti-
tution, 636. Arguments of, in con-
vention of South Carolina, 660.
Bill of Rights, want of, a strong argu-
ment with some against Constitution,
628. James Wilson's views respect-
ing, 643.
States equally divided on
question of, in Convention, 644. Con-
sidered essential by Patrick Henry,
664. Proposed by Virginia, 682.
Bills of Credit, power to emit, prohibit-
ed to states, 524, 548. Meaning of,
Boston, occupied by royal troops in
1774-75, 17. Invested by army under
General Ward, in 1775, 21. Recep-
tion of Constitution by people of,
630. Rejoicings in, in honor of Con-
stitution, 655.
Cessions of Northwestern Territory, 533.
Of land by states to the United States,
543. See Western and Northwestern
Territory.
Charleston, rejoicings in, on adoption of
Constitution, 660.
Charter, of William and Mary to Massa-
chusetts, 3; attempt to alter, 3. In-
violability of, 15. How distinguished
from Constitution, 318.
Charter Governments, form and character
of, 2.
Boundary, Southern, fixed by the Treaty
of Peace, 210. Questions of, proposed CHASE, SAMUEL, views of, respecting
to be determined by Senate, 458, 463; |
taxation of slaves, 414.
plan respecting, 465. Determination
of, a judicial question, 464. See West-
ern Territory, Lands, and Northwestern
Territory.
Bounties offered for enlistment in 1776,
64. Additional, offered by states, 66;
effect of, 76.
BOWDOIN, JAMES, delegate to first
Continental Congress, 8. Governor
of Massachusetts, 181. Suppresses
Shays's rebellion, 182. Message of,
suggesting a general convention,
226.
Brandywine, battle of the, force engaged
in, 78.
Bribery, by executive, dangers of, 470.
British Colonies, legislatures of, divided
into two branches, 396.
Checks of one department on another,
508.
Citizenship, as qualification of national
officers, 433, 434, 444; of senators,
457, 458. State rules respecting, un-
like, 442. General privileges of, under
Confederation, 446, 601; under Con-
stitution, 601. See Naturalization.
CLARKE, GEORGE ROGERS, General, pro-
ceedings of, in Kentucky, 217.
CLINTON, GEORGE, message of, as Gov-
ernor of New York, on revenue system
of 1783, 243. Head of party in New
York opposed to Constitution, 631.
Coinage of the United States, origin of,
297.
Corr, captain in the Revolutionary na-
val force, 51.
BROUGHTON, NICHOLAS, commander of Colonies, thirteen English, 1. Ante-Rev-
BUTLER, PIERCE, in favor of the Consti-
tution, 636.
Cabinet, functions of, 575. Views re-
specting, in Convention, 575. Presi-
dent may require opinions of, 575.
Constitutional character of, 576.
Practice of first three presidents re-
specting, 576.
Captures, power of Congress to regulate,
Capitation Tax, report of committee of
detail respecting, 501. Provision re-
specting, adopted, 510.
CARROLL, CHARLES, proposition of, for
asserting right of United States to
vacant lands, 541, 542.
Cases arising under Constitution, etc.,
meaning of, 590.
Census, periodical, proposed by William-
son of North Carolina, 410. Vote re-
specting, 410. See Federal Census.
olutionary governments of, 1. Form
a union, 1. No union of, before Rev-
olution, 4. Common grievances of, 5.
People of, how descended, 5. Rights
of, how to be determined, 10; when
and how stated, 12; declaration of,
14; what included in, 14; how to be
enforced, 15. Trade of, how far right
to regulate in Parliament, 13. Re-
duction of, to submission, great prep
arations for, 24, 25. Trade with, pro-
hibited by Parliament, December,
1775, 24. Change of, into states, 80.
Constitutional power of, 428.
Commerce, of the United States, 186;
capacity of, at the close of the war,
192. Regulation of, a leading object
of Constitutional Convention, 321;
became an exigency of the Union,
321; how provided for, by Virginia
plan, 368; if universal, must include
slave-trade, 498; report of committee
of detail respecting, 501; generally
conceded to general government as
necessary, 501; views of Southern
statesmen respecting, 501; by Con-.
gress, beneficial to North and South,
501, 502; a power conceded by South
to North, 502; indivisible, 552; reluc-
tance of South Carolina to concede,
659. Want of power over, in Con-
federation, 494. Interest of, in differ-
ent states, not identical, 502, 506.
Powers of government over, influence
of, 515. Necessities of, basis of Con-
stitution, 515. See Regulation of Com-
Commercial Convention. See Annapolis
and Virginia.
Commercial Power asked for by Con-
gress, 192. Action of the states re-
specting, 192, 193.
Commercial Treaties, want of, displayed,
186. Existing at the peace, 188.
How far the Confederation compe-
tent to make, 188. Why not made
with England, 190. Congress en-
deavors to get power to make, 192.
Attempt to negotiate without power,
193. States refuse the power to
make, 193, 194. Fruitless efforts of
the commissioners to negotiate, 194.
Commission. See Commercial Treaties
and JOHN ADAMS.
Committee of Congress sent to confer with
Committee of the States under the Con-
federation, 100.
Committees of Correspondence recommend-
ed by Virginia, 7. Agency of, 8.
Common Law, one of the rights of the
colonies, 14. And equity, distinction
between, preserved by Constitution,
586. Basis of state jurisprudence,
586.
Commutation. See Half-Pay.
Compromises between national and fed-
eral systems, 377, 378. Lie at the basis
of the Constitution, 394, 395. Respect-
ing formation of Congress, 402, 405,406,
419, 439; representation in Congress,
406. Respecting slavery, 416; how
to be effected, 417; reflections on,
511. Respecting Senate, as affected by
money bills, 453; choice of executive,
455. How to be studied, 456. Com-
mittee of, proposed by Gouverneur
Morris, 508. Respecting slave-trade
and navigation act, 509; if not made,
necessary consequences, 517.
Confederation, office of, in American his-
tory, 96, 102. Revenues of, 101. De-
fects of, 101, 102, 104, 320, 322, 323, 334,
351, 361, 556. Restraints imposed by,
upon the states, 102. Legal com-
mencement of, 102. Operation of, to
the close of the war, 121. Power of,
to maintain au army and navy in
peace, 145. Analyzed by Hamilton,
150. Principle of, adhered to, 152.
Summary of its operations, 154. In-
capacity of, to protect the state gov-
ernments, 175. Had no strict power
to hold or manage public lands, 196.
Decay and failure of, 221, 320. Fatal
defect in the principle of the, 251.
Nature of, 323. Had no power of
compulsion, 323, 556. Powers of,
330. Rule of suffrage under, 340.
Had no executive or judiciary, 351.
Laws of, to be executed by state
tribunals, 351.
Compared with Con-
stitution, 369. Articles of, framed
in 1776, 414. Assessments on states
under, 415. Still in force while Con-
vention in session, 427. Relation
of, to states, 428. States opposed to
entering, except on full federal equal-
ity, 460. Had no seat of government,
487. Want of power in, over com-
merce, 494; over revenues, 494.
gagements of, proposal to assume,
520. Want of power in, to admit
new states, 533. Rule of, respecting
making of treaties, 556, 581, 596.
Nature and objects of, 600. How
amended, 613. Chief cause of failure
of, 676. See Articles of Confederation
and Congress.
Confiscations, provided against, by the
Treaty of Peace, 169. Strict right of,
belonged to the Union, 170.
Congress of the Revolution, leaves Phila-
delphia after the battle of the Bran-
dywine, 78; assembles at Lancaster
and Yorktown, 78. Of the Confeder-
ation, first meeting of, 86; structure
and form of, 99, 397, 459; powers of,
99; restrictions on powers of, 101;
attendance diminished after the
peace, 125; driven from Philadelphia
by a mutiny, 148; decline of, 153;
meeting of, in 1783, 158; thinly at-
tended, 158; appointment and attend-
ance of delegates, 160, 161; perpetu-
ally in session, 160; public objects to
be accomplished by, 162; condition
of, in 1785, 228; unfitted to revise the
federal system, 247; had but one
chamber, 397; resolution for continu-
ance of, 426; method of voting in,
460; members of, chosen aunnally,
and liable to recall, 469; appoint-
ment of officers by, complaints re-
specting, 474; met where, 487; pres-
ence of, in
New York, benefits
resulting from, 490; attempts of, to
procure cessions from states, 533;
resolve of, for regulation of north-
western territory, 533; power of, to
admit new states, 535; transmission
of Constitution to, 622; action of, on
Constitution, 629. Old, authority of,
continued till new adopted, 365. Un-
der Virginia plan, to have two houses,
376. Under New Jersey plan, to be
one body, 376. Present constitution
of, by whom first suggested, 400;
compromise
respecting, 402, 419.
Power of, to legislate for general in-
terests of Union, 422; to negative
state laws, 422; respecting elections
to, 479; in general, 494; over taxes,
duties, etc., 518; to pay debts of
United States, 518; to provide for
defence, etc., 518; over
places purchased for forts, etc., 532;
over territories, different views con-
cerning, 532, 542; limited, 532; over
soil of national domain, 539; pro-
posed, over property of United States,
542; restraints on, 544; to establish
inferior tribunals, 585, 587. Acts of,
supreme law, 422; how passed, 484.
Proposal that executive be chosen by,
422. Members of, qualifications of,
439; ineligibility of, to office, 475;
time, etc., of electing, left to states,
479; pay of, proceedings in Conven-
tion respecting, 480; objections to
states paying, 481; privileged from
arrest, 483; punishment and expul-
sion of, 483; not to be questioned
elsewhere for speech or debate, 483.
Importance of early legislation of,
448. Proposed to be modelled after
Congress of Confederation, 459. Ad-
mission of members of cabinet, etc.,
to, question respecting, 477.
house of, to be judge of elections, etc.,
of its own members, 483; to deter-
mine its own rule of proceeding, 483;
Adjournment
to keep journal, 483.
of, 491, 583. Exclusive sovereign of
Time of
District of Columbia, 492.
meeting of, 493. To make all neces-
sary and proper laws for execution of
powers, 531. To declare war, 578.
To authorize calling out of militia,
579. Special relations of president
to, 582. To prescribe mode of proof
and effect of state records, etc., 601.
To propose amendments to Constitu-
To call Convention to
tion, 616.
amend Constitution, when, 616.
Connecticut, a charter government, 3.
Governor, council, and representa-
tives always chosen by the people,
3. Cedes claims to western territory,
202, 534. Appoints and instructs del-
egates to the Convention, 249. Op-
posed to Convention, 328; to exec-
66 good
utive holding office during
behavior," 424; to property qualifi-
cation for office, 434; to nine years'
citizenship as qualification of sena-
tor, 458; to taxing exports, 505; to
restricting president to stated sala-
ry, 574. In favor of equality of suf-
frage in both branches of Congress,
390, 400; of equal representation of
states in Senate, 403, 407, 418; of cen-
sus of free inhabitants, 410; of refer-
ring Constitution to state legislatures,
431; of each state having one vote in
Senate, 460. Had five representatives
in first House, 408. Vote of, respect-
ing citizenship as qualification for of-
fice, 448; respecting money bills, 453,
454; respecting eligibility of mem-
bers of Congress to office, 476; re-
specting slave-trade, 511. Ratifica-
tion of Constitution by, 639. Conven-
tion of, 647; debates in, mostly lost,
648.
Connecticut Reservation, note ou, 202.
Constitution, how framed, 316. Means
of peaceful coercion a leading object
of, 353. An abridgment of state pow-
ers in some respects, 556. Republican
government guaranteed to states by,
Capacity of, of
361, 363, 607, 610.
amendment, 364. Why submitted to
people for ratification, 364. As report-
ed to Convention, 365, 366. Different
plans of, proposed in Convention, 368.
Compared with Confederation, 369.
Compromise of, between national and
Based on com-
federal system, 378.
promises, 394. Possibility of failure
to create, reflections on, 403. Fram-
ers of, problem before, 412; position
|