None of the peoples who throw in their lot with the Americans so easily adapt themselves to their life as Canadians. They become loyal to their new home and are not regarded as aliens, though many do not undergo naturalization. Men and women of every calling have taken their place in the movement— graduates of universities, school-teachers, actuaries, nurses, traders, artizans-and by the faithful discharge of their duties not a few have reached positions of high honour. They compel respect for the people from whom they come, and they have made a good name for their country. In turn these expatriated Canadians have become agents of good-will among their old friends, and on their visits home they create a kindlier spirit in their relatives towards the neighbour who has received them so hospitably; wherefore out of the sorrows of the emigrant a better spirit is being born.

At no time since the early decades of the nineteenth century have many Americans made their homes in eastern Canada. In 1871 there were only 64,500 in the whole Dominion, and in the last twenty years such as have come to Ontario, Quebec and the Maritime provinces have been for the most part agents or employees of manufacturing firms which have established plants in order to compete more favourably under tariff conditions for Canadian or British trade. But according to the census of 1921 there were

374,000 American-born residents of Canada, and during the previous decade there had been an immigration of 1,366,000 Americans into Canada, a large number of whom, however, were naturalized citizens of the United States.

This rapid increase was due to their discovery of the Canadian North-West. The federation of the four provinces in 1867 was only made possible by the belief that the West would soon belong to them, and the Dominion virtually came into being as it was occupied. Within the memory of many who are still alive the West was the "great lone land" with small groups of people at far separated places, and traversed only by the Indian, the French Metis, the servants of the Hudson's Bay Company and a few adventurers. Though there had been a settlement on the Red River for many years, it was not until the middle of the century that the Canadian, realizing that the country might be of immense importance to his own future, resolved to penetrate the mystery which dwelt in the silence of the regions beyond, and like the American confronting his own West two generations earlier to become the master of those vast unknown spaces. Unknown they were because the Hudson's Bay Company had kept a jealous guard over their preserves lest they should be invaded by the agricultural settler who would injure their trade in furs, though incidentally the West was saved thereby for

Canada as the American was kept out. No country has had more intrepid explorers than Mackenzie, Fraser and Thompson, but they worked for the fur companies, and immigration did not follow on their trails. It was men from Ontario who opened up and first took possession of the prairies, and laid the foundations of ordered society, and that in the face of opposition, for not until after ten or fifteen years of effort did Canada succeed in getting control of the western territories from the Hudson's Bay Company in 1869 for £300,000. How difficult the negotiations were, the blunders made in the transfer and the political troubles that issued in the first rebellion of French half-breeds under Riel, form a well-known chapter in the history of the West. When the tumults were allayed immigrants from Canada began to enter Manitoba by the Red River. It was an arduous journey to a rigorous climate, which none but the brave would face. But with the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway the population increased rapidly along its lines, and until this day the Canadians from Ontario are to be found, generally speaking, within the sphere of that system. In the eighties it almost seemed as though some counties of Ontario, such as Huron and Bruce, had emptied themselves upon the prairies. The flow from the eastern provinces into the United States was stayed, being diverted into the West. Not only the pick of the young

farmers from the East, but teachers, clergymen, physicians and lawyers, among them some of the most distinguished graduates of Canadian universities, sought their fortunes in the new land. Government was established on eastern lines, schools were modelled on those of Ontario, the churches followed the settlers and conducted vigorous home missions, and eastern banks dotted the prairies with their branches. The country never got out of hand; troubles with the Indians were few; the criminal population was very small; law and order were enforced from the beginning by swift and evenly distributed justice which was carried out by the North-West Mounted Police, whose fame has gone throughout the Englishspeaking world. Canadians not only laid the foundations of the West, but they have erected the largest portion of its superstructure, though English and Scottish settlers also came in early and shared with them in establishing the institutions of society.

At the World's Fair in Chicago in 1893, the advantages of the Canadian prairies were well advertised, and five or six years later a movement began from the United States into the western provinces. By skilful publicity and offers of free grants of good land the small stream rose at the opening of the twentieth century to considerable proportions, and rapidly for the six years previous to 1913 when it reached its height at 139,000 immigrants. After the

policy of making free land grants was withdrawn the flow slackened, and the War reduced it to a trickle. But in the last few years the stream has begun to rise again and it will probably increase if the present hopes of prosperity are realised. More than 100,000 American families, usually of good quality and useful farming experience, entered those provinces before the War. Of these Saskatchewan received the largest number, which nearly equalled the Canadian homesteaders and was twice as great as that of all other non-Canadians. Manitoba got fewest. As a rule they took land on the railways that run north and south and on the east and west lines that are now incorporated in the Canadian National system. They have come from the states of North Dakota, Minnesota, and Washington, and, in lesser numbers, from Iowa, Illinois, Michigan; even from New York and Massachusetts. One-third of the immigration, especially of those whose homes were on the American prairie, was probably of north European stock-Swedish and Norwegian; another third was of the eastern American stock, descendants of those who three generations ago set out for the valley of the Mississippi; the last third consisted of former Canadians and Britons repatriating themselves from many states, some belonging to the first but many to the second generation. As the price of land rose in the United States and high capitalization reduced the profits of farm pro