with the international bodies, and on occasion local unions in the Dominion have rejected decisions of the international headquarters. But the American Federation of Labour and the Canadian Labour movement in general have lived together in cordial relations, and prolonged strikes in the United States usually produce sympathetic unrest north of the border. At times the cry has been effectively raised that a foreign body is in control of the trade conditions in the Dominion, but this is being counteracted by the strengthening of the Canadian organizations. Americans claim that they have not attempted to exercise any pressure whatever on the nationalism of Canada, and that "in so far as political activities are concerned, the Canadian Trades and Labour Congress is as independent of the American Labour movement as the American Labour movement is independent of the Canadian Trades and Labour Congress."

Of recent years the great influx of artizans from the British Isles into the larger cities of the Dominion, where the labour unions are strong, has been changing the situation; the new members have brought their own ideas with them. As is well known, the British Labour movement, in contrast to the American, has taken to active politics, and this distinctive phase is being reproduced in Canada, where both in the Dominion House and in the provincial legislatures there are a number of labour representatives. The Canadian

Labour Congress has gone even further in the path of the British movement and has sent its representatives to the International Federation of Trades Unions in Europe, with which the American Federation of Labour, in accordance with its principles, has refused to associate itself.

So many are the departments of social activity in which American influence can be traced that only a few of the more outstanding need be mentioned. Brief reference may be made to the Clubs which have been created for the purpose of bringing together members of the business and professional communities and stimulating them to good citizenship. Usually they meet at luncheon once a week, and as they profess an altruistic purpose, such as support of some local hospital, they are often called "Service Clubs." Their primary object, however, is to create in their members an interest in one another; a spirit of almost mechanical brotherhood prevails, with, in some clubs, a weekly recital of information about various members which must be uninteresting to the average person. Though this enthusiasm for comradeship may be superficial, the net result can hardly be other than good, and these clubs may be taken as another manifestation of the loyalty to an institution which is so easily stimulated in the American democracy, as well as of the genuine friendliness that exists among average people in the United States. In being trans

ferred to Canadian soil the general characteristics of these clubs are preserved, though modified by the local patriotism and the less emotional qualities of their members.

There is, on the other hand, in every city and large town of the Dominion an organization which has no counterpart in the United States-the Canadian Club distinctively so called, most branches being composed of men, though there are some Women's Canadian Clubs. They eschew partizanship, and only allow politics in the larger sense, but they offer an intelligent audience, without subsequent discussion, to any lecturer who has anything to say on current affairs, domestic or foreign. It is a compliment paid to a distinguished visitor to invite him to address the club, and a large number of the leaders of the modern world have given a message through it to the Canadian people.

Conventions for social work are international. Americans are asked to speak on Canadian platforms and Canadians to take their place on American programmes; the similar environment of both makes the experience of the one, especially the larger, of great advantage to the other. All this is greatly furthered by the wide circulation in Canada of American journals and magazines which set forth for their larger constituencies the most recent and venturesome experiments in moral reform and social welfare.

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But it is the theatre, the moving-picture show and the radio which are exercising the most penetrating and subtle influence upon the social standards of Canadians. The plays and the films emanate from American sources, the plays that are presented on the Canadian stage having been chosen to suit American audiences, and the films, as well as the cuts in the illustrated papers, having been designed to please the average American constituency. Every night thousands of young Canadians listen to addresses and talks directed to the people who live in the central cities of the United States. As immigrants from Europe of precisely the same character and outlook as have made their way into the United States pour into Canada, they will, through the constant repetition of similar ideas in picture, play, illustrated paper and radio, soon be moulded into a type that will no longer be Canadian, but a product of European ideas toned to the manner of life that prevails among the people of their own origin in the American cities.

Another factor in this process is the internationalization of sport. Both peoples have the same athletic heroes whose doings are chronicled in the daily papers, though Canada still retains her own style of football, and hockey is almost a national game.

The greatest and best of all influences, however, in moulding the life of Americans and Canadians to

similar issues has, of course, been the possession in common of a rich language. A crude and meagre tongue may be sufficient for the few wants, chiefly material, of barbarous tribes; but a highly developed language, precise, opulent and strong, the instrument of noble literature and glorious common history, cannot but create a consentient impulse in the minds of the several peoples who employ it, and fashion them into some similitude to one another by their common heritage of ideas and emotions. Ancient words are freighted with suggestions of struggles, failures, hopes and attainments-individual and national, moral and religious. They call heroisms to memory, they express ideals, they appeal to the noblest motives. Fortunately, also, the language and literature which these peoples possess in common were shaped and most richly charged by the genius of the race before the breach made by the Revolution. Virtues were clarified and moral and political experience took shape in the earlier epochs of British history. By instinct the Canadian grasps the meaning of the American: the greatest words convey to both at once their deepest thought.

The broad-minded English-speaking Canadian will readily grant that his country is the richer for being the inheritor of two civilizations. He realises that in Quebec there are fine fruits of the Latin mind, and that there is a delicacy in the thought and manners