by both nations, lying between Florida and South Carolina. Parliament therefore, for the first time in the history of British colonization, granted financial aid. A secondary object with Oglethorpe was to provide an asylum for the persecuted Protestants of Catholic countries, and soon after he began his settlement at the mouth of the Savannah River, in 1733, Germans from the Salzburg came to the upper river. Scotch Highlanders, too, came and took the risk of locating not far from the Spanish settlements in Florida.

The character of the settlers and the purpose of the undertaking seemed to forbid the usual type of government. The colonists were given no part in it, and control was vested in a board of trustees for a period of twenty-one years, after which Georgia was to become a royal province. Slavery was prohibited, as well as the importation of intoxicants, and the amount of land which might be held by one person was limited in order that settlement might be compact and easily defended. These restrictions so hampered the growth of the province that one by one they were given up. Progress was more rapid after the change to a royal province in 1752, and at that time a representative assembly was established.

SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY FOR CHAPTER III

Maryland; Development of Virginia. See citations under The Planting of Virginia, in Bibliography for Chapter I.

Expansion. The story of the explorations which opened the fur trade. to the West and Southwest from the fall line in Virginia is told, with documents, in Alvord and Bidgood, First Exploration of the Trans-Alleghany. The studies of Bruce (see page 20) become invaluable for this period of Virginia history. Books previously cited cover the political history.

The spread of the New England population is the theme of Mathews, Expansion of New England.

Rivalry with the Dutch. Dutch and Swedish colonization is covered by Fiske, Dutch and Quaker Colonies, and by Goodwin, Dutch and English on the Hudson. A standard work of the old type is Brodhead, History of the State of New York. Volume I treats of the Dutch period.

New Netherland Becomes New York: The Carolinas, Jerseys, Pennsylvania, Georgia. The conquest of New Netherland and the founding of the later colonies are covered by Andrews, Colonial Self-Government;

by Channing, United States, II, and Winsor, America, III. Osgood, American Colonies, II, discusses the institutional development.

New York under the English is dealt with by Brodhead, II; and Fiske, Dutch and Quaker Colonies.

Ashe, History of North Carolina, is the best for that province. McCrady, History of South Carolina, is a good modern work.

The Jerseys and Pennsylvania compose the subject matter of Fisher, The Quaker Colonies. Sharpless, A Quaker Experiment in Government, is commendable. Of various lives of Penn the one by Fisher, The True William Penn, may be mentioned.

For the founding of Georgia see Greene, Provincial America.

CHAPTER IV

PROVINCIAL AMERICA

THE WESTWARD MOVEMENT

At the close of the seventeenth century the inhabited districts in the English colonies still formed a mere fringe along the seacoast, broken by patches of swamp and forest, and nowhere extending far inland save along the courses of the navigable rivers. By the middle of the eighteenth century, however, the widening fringe had reached the mountain barrier which separates the Atlantic slope from the Ohio Valley.

To the northward, in New England, population had reached the Massachusetts-Vermont line. In New York expansion had been slow in getting under way. Just when New Netherland was coming under its English masters a few Dutch families had settled at Schenectady, the Mohawk-River gateway to the land of the Iroquois. For more than half a century Schenectady remained a lonely outpost on the exposed frontier. In 1698 over fifteen thousand of the eighteen thousand inhabitants of New York were still on Long Island or near the mouth of the Hudson.

The lack of representative government long caused immigrants to avoid the province. The narrowness of the Hudson Valley and its stony soil were additional deterrents. The land system was uninviting. Oftentimes as the result of fraud on the part of the recipients of land grants, large holdings prevailed and formed the basis of a provincial aristocracy which controlled political and social life. On some of the great estates a system of tenantry existed which was quite out of keeping with the prevalent freehold tenure in America. Small landowners were crowded out, and young men sometimes left New York for other provinces where lands could be obtained more easily and held more securely.

The expansion of New York really began in the eighteenth century when the frontier was thrust up the Mohawk by German

immigrants. Driven from their homes in the valley of the Rhine by persecution and hard times, like their kinsmen who had founded Germantown, they came to New York by thousands

during the first quarter of the century, and their settlements on the Mohawk marked the farthest advance of the frontier in that province before the Revolution.

In Pennsylvania the opening of the century found population on the banks of the Delaware and its navigable tributaries, with a few outposts on the Susquehanna. Through the mountain wall which barred the advance of the farmer the Susquehanna and Delaware led northward to the Indian country of the "finger lakes," inviting the adventurous trader to compete with New Yorkers in the commerce with the redskins. Although by the royal patent of 1664 the western boundary of New York was a line drawn due north from the source of the Delaware, the prosperity of that province rested so largely upon the fur trade of the lake country that vigorous efforts were made to forestall the Pennsylvanians. The assertion of a protectorate over the Iroquois was the means of compelling the southern traders to turn their attention elsewhere.

Threading the passes of the mountains traced by the western branches of the Susquehanna, the Pennsylvanians now came upon the upper waters of the Alleghany and began to traffic with the tribes of the Ohio Valley. It is not unlikely that they crossed the mountains as early as 1725; before the middle of the century their posts were to be found at several points in the Ohio country, between the river and Lake Erie.

Prominent in this trade were the so-called "Scotch-Irish." They were Protestants of Ulster, in northern Ireland, who came to Pennsylvania in great numbers, and to the other colonies to a less extent, in the early eighteenth century, because of British laws which discriminated against the people of the smaller island in favor of English commerce and of the Anglican Church.1

Germans, who had shared in the making of Pennsylvania from the beginning, continued to come in great streams. Some of those who had gone to New York came later to Pennsylvania by way of the Susquehanna. Others came directly from the Fatherland. Many of them were from the Rhine Palatinate, and possessed so little of this world's goods that they were compelled to defray the expense of their transportation by pledg

1 The "Scotch-Irish" were people from the Scottish lowlands who had been colonized in Ireland by James I as a means of holding the native Irish in check.