of the United States of America may reside in and trade to any part of the territories of the Republic of Liberia to which any other foreigners are or shall be admitted. They shall enjoy full protection for their persons and properties; they shall be allowed to buy from and to sell to whom they like, without being restrained or prejudiced by any monopoly, contract, or exclusive privilege of sale or purchase whatever; and they shall, moreover, enjoy all other rights and privileges which are or may be granted to any other foreigners, subjects, or citizens of the most favoured nation. The citizens of the Republic of Liberia shall, in return, enjoy similar protection and privileges in the United States of America, and in their territories.

III. No tonnage, import, or other duties or charges shall be levied in the Republic of Liberia on United States' vessels, or on goods imported or exported in United States' vessels, beyond what are or may be levied on national vessels, or on the like goods imported or exported in national vessels; and, in like manner, no tonnage, import, or other duties or charges shall be levied in the United States of America and their territories on the vessels of the Republic of Liberia, or on goods imported or exported in those vessels, beyond what are or may be levied on national vessels, or on the like goods imported or exported in national vessels.

IV. Merchandize or goods coming from the United States of America in any vessels, or imported in United States' vessels from any country, shall not be prohibited by the Republic of Liberia, nor be subject to higher duties than are levied on the same kinds of merchandize or goods coming from any other foreign country or imported in any other foreign vessels. All articles, the produce of the Republic of Liberia, may be exported therefrom by citizens of The United States and United States' vessels, on as favourable terms as by the citizens and vessels of any other foreign country.

In like manner, all merchandize or goods coming from the Republic of Liberia in any vessels, or imported in Liberian vessels from any country, shall not be prohibited by the United States of America, nor be subject to higher duties than are levied on the same kinds of merchandize or goods coming from any other foreign country or imported in any other foreign vessels. All articles, the produce of The United States, or of their territories, may be imported therefrom by Liberian citizens and Liberian vessels on as favourable terms as by the citizens and vessels of any other foreign country.

V. When any vessel of either of the Contracting Parties shall be wrecked, foundered, or otherwise damaged on the coasts, or within the territories of the other, the respective citizens shall receive the greatest possible aid, as well for themselves as for their

vessels and effects. All possible aid shall be given to protect their property from being plundered and their persons from ill-treatment. Should a dispute arise as to the salvage, it shall be settled by arbitration, to be chosen by the parties respectively.

VI. It being the intention of the two Contracting Parties to bind themselves by the present Treaty to treat each other on the footing of the most favoured nation, it is hereby agreed between them that any favour, privilege, or immunity whatever in matters of commerce and navigation, which either Contracting Party has actually granted, or may hereafter grant, to the subjects or citizens of any other State, shall be extended to the citizens of the other Contracting Party, gratuitously, if the concession in favour of that other State shall have been gratuitous, or in return for a compensation as nearly as possible of proportionate value and effect, to be adjusted by mutual agreement, if the concession shall have been conditional.

VII. Each Contracting Party may appoint Consuls for the protection of trade, to reside in the dominions of the other; but no such Consul shall enter upon the exercise of his functions until he shall have been approved and admitted, in the usual form, by the Government of the country to which he is sent.

VIII. The United States' Government engages never to interfere, unless solicited by the Government of Liberia, in the affairs between the aboriginal inhabitants and the Government of the Republic of Liberia, in the jurisdiction and territories of the Republic, Should any United States' citizens suffer loss, in person or property, from violence by the aboriginal inhabitants, and the Government of the Republic of Liberia should not be able to bring the aggressor to justice, The United States' Government engages, a requisition having been first made therefor by the Liberian Government, to lend such aid as may be required. Citizens of The United States residing in the territories of the Republic of Liberia are desired to abstain from all such intercourse with the aboriginal inhabitants as will tend to the violation of law and a disturbance of the peace of the country.

IX. The present Treaty shall be ratified, and the ratifications exchanged at London, within the space of 9 months from the date hereof.

In testimony whereof, the Plenipotentiaries before mentioned have hereto subscribed their names and affixed their seals.

Done at London, the 21st day of October, in the year 1862.

(L.S.) CHARLES FRANCIS ADAMS.

(L.S.) STEPHEN ALLEN BENSON.

TREATY of Commerce and Navigation, between The United States and Turkey.-Signed at Constantinople, February 25, 1862.

[Ratifications exchanged at Constantinople, June 5, 1862.]

THE United States of America on the one part, and His Imperial Majesty the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire on the other part, being equally animated by the desire of extending the commercial relations between their respective countries, have agreed, for this purpose, to conclude a Treaty of Commerce and Navigation, and have named as their respective Plenipotentiaries, that is to say: The President of the United States of America, Edward Joy Morris, Minister resident at the Sublime Porte; and His Imperial Majesty the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, his Highness Mehemed Emin Aali Pacha, Minister of Foreign Affairs, decorated with the Imperial Orders of the Ottomanich in Brilliants, Majidich, and Order of Merit of the First Class, and the Grand Crosses of several foreign orders; who, after having communicated to each other their respective full powers, found in good and due form, have agreed upon the following Articles:

ART. I. All rights, privileges, and immunities, which have been conferred on the citizens or vessels of the United States of America by the Treaty already existing between the United States of America and the Ottoman Empire, are confirmed, now and for ever, with the exception of those clauses of the said Treaty which it is the object of the present Treaty to modify; and it is, moreover, expressly stipulated that all rights, privileges, or immunities, which the Sublime Porte now grants, or may hereafter grant to, or suffer to be enjoyed by the subjects, ships, commerce, or navigation of any other foreign power, shall be equally granted to and exercised and enjoyed by the citizens, vessels, commerce, and navigation of the United States of America.

II. The citizens of The United States of America, or their agents, shall be permitted to purchase, at all places in the Ottoman Empire and its possessions (whether for the purposes of internal trade or of exportation), all articles, without any exception whatsoever, the produce or manufacture of the said Empire and possessions; and the Sublime Porte having, in virtue of the second Article of the Convention of Commerce, of the 16th of August, 1838, with Great Britain, formally engaged to abolish all monopolies of agricultural produce, or of every other articles whatsoever, as well as all "permits" (tezkerehs) from the Local Governors, either for the purchase of any Article, or for its removal from one place * Vol. XXVI. Page 688.

to another when purchased, any attempt to compel the citizens of the United States of America to receive such "permits" from the Local Governors shall be considered as an infraction of this Treaty, and the Sublime Porte shall immediately punish with severity any viziers, or other officers, who shall have been guilty of such misconduct, and shall render full justice to citizens of the United States of America for all losses or injuries which they may duly prove themselves to have suffered thereby.

III. If any articles of Ottoman produce or manufacture be purchased by citizens of the United States of America, or their agents, for the purpose of selling the same for internal consumption in Turkey, the said citizens, or their agents, shall pay at the purchase and sale of such articles, and in any manner of trade therein, the same duties that are paid in similar circumstances by the most favoured class of Ottoman subjects, or of foreigners in the internal trade of the Ottoman Empire.

IV. No other or higher duties or charges shall be imposed in the dominions and possessions of either of the Contracting Parties, on the exportation of any article to the dominions and possessions of the other, than such as are or may be payable on the exportation of the like article to any other foreign country; nor shall any prohibition be imposed on the exportation of any article from the dominions and possessions of either of the two Contracting Powers to the dominions and possessions of the other, which shall not equally extend to the exportation of the like article to any other country.

No charge or duty whatsoever will be demanded on any article of Ottoman produce or manufacture purchased by citizens of the United States of America, or their agents, either at the place where such article is purchased or in its transit from that place to the place whence it is exported, at which it will be subject to an export duty not exceeding 8 per cent., calculated on the value at the place of shipment, and payable on exportation; and all articles which shall once have paid this duty shall not again be liable to the same duty, however they may have changed hands within any part of the Ottoman Empire.

It is furthermore agreed, that the duty of 8 per cent. above mentioned will he annually reduced by one per cent. until it shall be, in this manner, finally reduced to a fixed duty of one per cent. ad valorem, destined to cover the general expenses of administration and control.

V. No other or higher duties shall be imposed on the importation into the United States of America of any article the produce or manufacture of the dominions and possessions of His Imperial Majesty the Sultan, from whatever place arriving, whether by sea or by land; and no other or higher duties shall be imposed on the importation into the dominions and possessions of His Imperial

Majesty, of any article the produce or manufacture of the United States of America, from whatever place arriving, than are or may be payable on the like article the produce or manufacture of any other foreign country; nor shall any prohibition be maintained or imposed on the importation of any article, the produce or manufacture of the dominions and possessions of either of the Contracting Parties, into the dominions and possessions of the other, which shall not equally extend to the importation of the like articles, being the produce or manufacture of any other country.

His Imperial Majesty further engages that, save as hereinafter excepted, he will not prohibit the importation into his dominions and possessions of any article the produce and manufacture of the United States of America, from whatever place arriving; and that the duties to be imposed on every article the produce or manufacture of the United States of America imported into the Empire and possessions of His Imperial Majesty the Sultan, shall in no case exceed one fixed rate of 8 per cent. ad valorem, or a specific duty, fixed by common consent, equivalent thereto. Such rate shall be calculated upon the value of such articles at the wharf, and shall be payable at the time of their being landed, if brought by sea, or at the first Custom-House they may reach, if brought by land.

If these articles, after having paid the import duty of 8 per cent., are sold either at the place of their arrival or in the interior of the country, neither the buyer nor the seller shall be charged with any further duty in respect to them; and if such articles should not be sold for consumption in the Ottoman Empire, but should be re-exported within the space of 6 months, the same shall he considered as merchandize in transit by land, and be treated as is stated hereinafter in Article XII of this Treaty; the administration of the Customs being bound to restore, at the time of their re-exportation, to the merchant, who shall be required to furnish proof that the goods in question have paid the import duty of 8 per cent., the difference between that duty and the duty levied on goods in transit by land, as set forth in the Article above cited.

VI. It is understood that any article the produce or manufacture of a foreign country intended for importation into the United Principalities of Moldo-Wallachia, or into the Principality of Servia, which shall pass through any other part of the Ottoman Empire, will not be liable to the payment of Customs duty until it reaches those Principalities; and, on the other hand, that any article of foreign produce or manufacture passing through those Principalities, but destined for some other part of the Ottoman Empire, will not be liable to the payment of Customs duty until such article reaches the first Custom-House under the direct administration of the Sublime Porte.