80

CALL FOR VOLUNTEERS.

assumed government, they boldly pressed the issue of combat. United States vessels were seized in southern ports the Star of the West captured at Galveston, and turned into a southern national vessel-forts in Arkansas and Texas were seized, and arsenals and troops captured, and northern property confiscated as recklessly as though no day of reckoning was at hand.

On the 3d of May, the President issued an important procla mation, portions of which caused a good deal of discussion at the north. He called for forty-two thousand and thirty-four volunteers to serve for three years or the war, and directed the increase of the regular army by the addition of eight regiments of infantry, one of cavalry, and one of artillery, and the enlistment of eighteeen thousand seamen for not less than one nor more than three years in the navy. It was asked where the President obtained the power to increase the regular army without the sanction of Congress which could not meet for two months to come. If he could increase it by ten thousand men, why not by a hundred thousand; and if it could be called together two months before the meeting of Congress, why not for a year? It was undoubtedly an extraordinary stretch of executive authority considering the well known repugnance of the people to a large standing army. But in the appalling evils that threatened the government, and in the anxiety to save the country at any and all hazards, the remonstrances uttered against the measure by a portion of the northern press were little heeded, or drowned in the one cry for self-preservation.

The south openly proclaimed its determination to have Washington, and the two armies were rapidly coming face to face on the Potomac. At the West the neutral position of Kentucky, which had resolved to side with neither party, but present herself as a barrier to prevent the collision of armies along the Mississippi, alarmed the government, and troops

THE COMING CONTEST.

81

were concentrated at Cairo, which in turn was looked upon by the traitorous governor of that state, Magoffin, as a menace. In the mean time, Tennessee had entered into a league with the southern confederacy, which, in a few days (May 11th), ended in her formally joining it. Affairs gradually assumed definite form. The only three forts of importance in the slave states which at present we could reach, Mc Henry at Baltimore, Monroe in Virginia, and Pickens at Pensacola, had been reinforced, and the number of states we must meet in open rebellion pretty nearly ascertained. Maryland had reconsidered her action, and under the leadership of her loyal governor, decided to remain in the Union. Missouri, it was evident, must be the scene of fierce internal strife. Her governor, Jackson, was a traitor, and a great portion of the southern and western parts of the state for secession, while St. Louis stood loyal. Kentucky was still firm in her determination to stand neutral, though the government well knew that every effort would be made through her governor and the late Vice President, Breckenridge, and other leaders to take her over to the south. Against these were the noble Romans, Crittenden, Holt, and others, and the powerful influence of the Louisville Journal, edited by Prentice. It was not difficult, therefore, to measure somewhat the magnitude of the coming contest. Some reliance was placed on the portions of North Carolina, Georgia, Tennessee, and Alabama, bordering on the Alleghany Mountains, for their inhabitants had shown from the outset an invincible repugnance to leaving the Union. Still, for the present, until victory was thoroughly inaugurated, they would practically have to be left out of the calculation.

Secretary Seward had previously instructed our foreign ministers who had been hurried abroad to see to our interests in foreign Courts, that the United States would permit no interference whatever in our domestic troubles. It was

82

TRAITORS.-HABEAS CORPUS.

especially important that France and England should not be induced by the representations of southern commissioners to recognize the Southern Confederacy. Attention was then turned to clearing all departments at home of secret traitors. This latter was no easy task, for they swarmed in every public office at Washington, and were busily at work in every important city at the north. The telegraph was suddenly seized to find evidence of treason. Numerous arrests followed, and some thus seized took advantage of the writ of habeas corpus to get released. The President felt it necessary in self-protection to suspend this writ, which caused a great deal of angry discussion at the north, for the power of doing so had always been supposed to lodge in Congress alone, and was never before assumed by the Chief Executive. The right to exercise it admitted the most serious doubts. It was one that the King of England dare not assert. Congress under the Constitution, rules the Republic, and the President, with the exception of a few reserved rights, designed mostly to act as a check on unconstitutional legisla tion, is but its minister to carry out its will; and no anticipation of evil can justify an unnecessary assumption of its appropriate powers. If the President had assembled Congress sooner he would have been spared many executive acts that furnish at least bad precedents for the future. The people, however, submitted, for in the present imminent danger they refused to consider remote evils.

CHAPTER V.

MAY-JUNE, 1861.

PUBLIC EXPECTATION-POSITION OF THE FORCES IN FRONT OF WASHINGTON— APPOINTMENT OF GENERALS-OCCUPATION OF ALEXANDRIA-MURDER OF COLONEL ELLSWORTH-EFFECT ON THE NORTH-FIGHT AT BIG BETHELFEELING OF THE PEOPLE RESPECTING IT-CAPTAIN LYON AT ST. LOUIS-REFUSES TO OBEY THE PUBLIC COMMISSIONERS OF THE CITY-TAKES THE ENTIRE FORCE OF GOVERNOR JACKSON ANd general prICE, PRISONERS-HIS TROOPS MOBBED PURSUES JACKSON-FIGHT AT BOONEVILLE-GENERAL HARNEY-HIS VACILLATING COURSE-MC CLELLAN MADE MAJOR-GENERAL AND SENT TO WESTERN VIRGINIA-HIS PAST CAREER-HARPER'S FERRY EVACUATED-CONCENTRATION OF THE REBELS AT MANASSAS JUNCTION-FIGHT AT PHILLIPPI-KELLY WOUNDED-SCHENCK SURPRISED NEAR VIENNA-THE QUESTION OF FUGITIVE SLAVES-CAPTURE OF THE FIRST REBEL PRIVATEER SAVANNAH-THE PRIVATEER SUMTER AT SEA.

uncertainty and chaos into which civil war always

Tthe uncertainty ry, especially one with a democratic form

of government, occasioned at this time but little concern with the great body of the people; for they confidently believed the great battle to be close at hand which would at once. settle the controversy and restore the supremacy of the federal power.

Hence all eyes were turned to the Potomac, for it was evident that the first serious collision must take place in front of Washington. From the Chesapeake to Edward's Ferry, twenty-five or thirty miles above the Capital, the southern confederacy was resolved to defend the "sacred soil of Virginia," as it was called, from invasion. In the mean time, the appointment of brigadier and major-generals became an every day occurrence, and although it was not governed by political considerations alone, these controlled it far too much at first.

84

MURDER OF ELLSWORTH.

It soon became apparent that Alexandria, a few miles from Washington, must be occupied, in order to secure the safety of the Capital. So on the 24th of May, about 1 o'clock, A. M., General Mansfield, with the Seventh New York regiment, left their camp at Washington, and proceeded to the Alexandria bridge. Another force, at the same time, passed the Chain bridge, a few miles above Washington, and took possession of the Loudon and Hampshire railroad, capturing two trains and several hundred passengers. Other regiments took part in this general movement into Virginia, making in all some thirteen thousand men. A part of this forcethe regiment of Fire Zouaves of New York, proceeded in steamers direct to Alexandria. About five o'clock in the morning Colonel Ellsworth, the Zouave commander, landed in good order, and marched forward in double-quick, driving the rebels before him. One company was immediately detailed to destroy the railroad track leading to Richmond, while Colonel Ellsworth with the remainder proceeded to the telegraph office to cut the wires. On his way through the street, he caught sight of a large secession flag flying from the top of the Marshall House kept by a person named Jackson. He immediately turned and entered the hall, and meeting a man asked, "Who put that flag up?" The man answered, "I don't know; I am a boarder here." The colonel then with a lieutenant, the chaplain, and four privates, proceeded to the top of the house and cut down the flag. As they were coming down stairs, preceded by private Brownell, they met the man they had just before accosted, standing in the hall with a double-barreled gun in his hand. Instantly leveling it, he fired. Both barrels were discharged at once, lodging their contents in the body of Colonel Ellsworth. He was at the time rolling up the flag. Suddenly falling forward on his face, with the exclamation, "My God!" he instantly expired. Private Brownell, quickly leveling his musket, sent