Confederate trade relations with foreign countries and with the North, VIII., 145146.

The tariff of 1862, VIII., 213.

The tariff of 1864, VIII., 400-401. Statistics of imports and exports 1860-1864, IX., 152.

Decline of the merchant marine, IX., 152154.

Illicit trade between North and South during the Civil War, IX., 165-170. Increase of imports and exports, IX., 220

221.

Ruin of commerce by foreign decrees and the Embargo, IX., 237, 331. Principal exports of the various States, IX., 237-238.

Trade conditions 1802-1812, IX., 238. Commercial reciprocity treaties, IX., 239, 332-333.

Rise of foreign commerce after 1830, IX., 239-243.

The preeminence of agricultural products, IX., 240.

Growth of the merchant marine, 1789-1865,

IX., 241-243.

The "Wool and Woolens Act" of 1867, IX., 403.

Reduction of the tariff in 1870, IX., 410

411.

Commercial treaty negotiated with Korea, IX., 421-422.

The tariff of 1872, IX., 447-448.

The award of the Halifax commission in
the fishery dispute, X., 5-8.
Increase of exports aided by European
agricultural disasters, X., 10.
Reduction of tariff duties, X., 19-20.
Increase of imports, X., 39.
The McKinley tariff, X., 42–44.
Reciprocity treaties negotiated, X., 44.
The Gorman-Wilson tariff bill, X., 55.
The Dingley tariff bill, X., 74-75.
Reciprocity treaties concluded in 1899-1900,
X., 75-76.

Expansion of, after Spanish-American War,
X., 213.

The reciprocity treaty with Cuba, X., 244

245.

The Payne-Aldrich tariff law, X., 278-279. Growth of commerce to 1911, X., 315. Value of exports of manufactures, X., 327.

The interrelation of foreign commerce and industrial development, X., 355-356.

Commerce-Continued.

Commerce

Nature and extent of commercial growth
since the Civil War, X., 356-358.
Analysis of exports since 1856, X., 358–360.
The import trade, X., 360-362.

Government aid to, X., 362–363.

Our share of the world's trade, X., 363.
Statistics of exports 1860-1910, X., 364.
River and Harbor improvements, X., 503-
505.

See also INTERSTATE COMMERCE.
Commerce and Labor, Department of.
Established, X., 227.

Children's Bureau established, X., 295.
Bureaus of, X., 470, 484-486.
Commerce and Labor, Secretaries of.
George B. Cortelyou, X., 227.
Victor H. Metcalf, X., 227, 252.
Oscar S. Straus, X., 227.
Charles Nagel, X., 227, 276.
List of, X., 535.

Commerce Court, The, X., 283, 317, 474, 486.
Commerce, Regulation of. See GOVERNMENT

REGULATION.

Committee of Secret Correspondence, III., 84. Common Prayer, First and second books of, I., 202.

Communication, Systems of.

The Atlantic Cable, VII., 431; IX., 247-
248.

Transcontinental telegraph sanctioned by
Congress, IX., 162, 247.

Musical telephone brought out by Reis,
IX., 162.

First messages, IX., 162.

Invention of the Morse telegraph alphabet,
IX., 245.

Extension of the telegraph system, IX.,
246.

Early telegraph companies, IX., 246.
Growth of the Western Union, IX., 247.
Value of telegraph and telephone systems
1880-1900, X., 311-312.

Development of telegraph systems, X., 379-
380.

Extension of cable systems, X., 379-381.
The advent of the Bell telephone, X., 381.
Consolidation of telephone systems, X.,
382.

Rival telephone systems, X., 382-383.
Rural telephones, X., 383.

Present extent of telephone systems, X.,

383.

Wireless telegraphy, X., 383-384.

Common Sense, Published by Paine, II., 410411; IV., 7i.

Riotous proceedings at, III., 425.

Meeting at, approves Compromise of 1850,
VII., 295.

Population of, in 1910, I., 7.

Conestoga, The (Fed.), At St. Charles, Ark., VIII., 170.

Confederacy, Northern.

Suggested, IV., 113, 292, note, 463; V., 117

et seq., 211-212, 217-219.

Confederate Cabinet Officials, VII., 473.
Confederate States of America.

Secession of, VII., 466.

Formation of government and adoption of
constitution of, VII., 472–473.
See CIVIL WAR.

Confederation.

Articles of Confederation of the United

Colonies of New England, I., 337-340. Franklin's plan of confederation, II., 85-86, 97-104.

Articles of Confederation adopted by Con-
gress, III., 102-104, 106-III.

Weakness and defects of confederation,
III., 408 et seq.

Suggestions for improving articles, III., 415. Status of the States under, VIII., 1-5. Conference, The, At Lake Champlain, V., 437–

440.

Confiscated Property.

Dispute with England over

Congress

confiscated

property of Loyalists, III., 366–367. Frauds connected with, after Civil War, IX., 354-355

Confiscation Acts.

Passed in 1861, VIII., 48.

Passed in 1862, VIII., 213-214.

Conger, Edwin H., Reports conditions in
Peking, X., 208.

Congregationalists, Ministers and churches of,
IV., 62; X., 442.
Congress, Colonial.

The Stamp Act Congress and its Declara-
tion, II., 229-230, 245-246.

Virginia and other colonies appoint delegates to colonial congress, II., 297–300. Congress, Confederate.

Authorizes bond issue and continues in
force the tariff of 1857, VII., 472-473.
Organizes navy and post-office depart-
ments, authorizes raising of army and
issue of treasury notes, and sends out
diplomatic agents, VII., 477.
Authorizes loans, bond issues and enlist-
ment of volunteers, and forbids payments
of debts to North and exportation of
cotton, VIII., 38-39.

Davis' messages to, VIII., 55-56, 109–110.
Acts of, VIII., 56, 110.

Authorizes Davis to suspend habeas corpus,
VIII., 148.

Prescribes death penalty for white officers
of negro regiments, VIII., 277.
Authorizes employment of negroes in army,
VIII., 278.

Passes conscription acts, VIII., 286.

Peace resolutions discussed in, VIII., 354.
Employs negroes for the armies, IX., 113.
Raises salaries of government employees,
IX., 191.

Thanks women for their services, IX., 193. Congress, Continental.

First Congress convenes, II., 303.
Members of, II., 303-304.

Proceedings and measures of, II., 304-310,
317-329.

Commits custody of Ticonderoga to New
York, II., 346.

Second Congress convenes, II., 347.
Addresses adopted by, II., 348.
Financial measures of, II., 349.

Advises people of New York to seek safety
but to resist British, II., 350.

Appoints Washington commander-in-chief of army, II., 350-351.

Authorizes issue of bills of credit, II., 351. Addresses and petitions issued by, II., 352, 359-364.

Denies desire for independence, II., 352.
Establishes post-office department, II., 353.
Speech of, to Indians, II., 353-354.
Georgia sends delegates to, II., 354.
Rejects Lord North's plan of conciliation,
II., 354.

Washington's correspondence with, II., 374375.

Authorizes increase of army, II., 376. Threatens to punish Loyalists, II., 376. Authorizes building of a navy, II., 379. Authorizes increase of army, II., 386. Permits invasion of Canada, II., 387. Refuses to accept Schuyler's resignation, II., 398.

Discovers British plan of campaign, II., 414-415.

Recommends formation of independent governments in colonies, II., 419.

Adopts Declaration of Independence, II., 424-430, 433-438.

Resolutions regarding Patriots and Loyalists, II., 431-432.

Publishes Howe's amnesty proclamation, II., 439.

Removes to Baltimore, II., 462.

Threatens retaliation for harsh treatment

Congress

Congress, Continental-Continued.
Refuses to negotiate for peace unless in-
dependence is recognized, III., 100-101.
Adopts Articles of Confederation, III., 102-
104, 106-III.

Financial measures of, III., 104-106.
Returns to Philadelphia, III., 114.

Thanks Washington for victory at Mon-
mouth, III., 118.

Threatens to retaliate for massacres, III., 137.

Party dissensions in, III., 144-145.

Vacillation of, in providing army, III.,

152.

Listens to dispute between Lee and Deane, III., 154.

Authorizes further money issues, III., 155156.

Dispute in, over concessions to France and Spain, III., 173.

Appoints Gates to command of southern army, III., 197.

Confirms Greene as commander of southern army, III., 202.

Treatment of Benedict Arnold, III., 209. Financial measures of, III., 231 et seq. Appoints Morris Superintendent of Finances, III., 232–233.

Incorporates Bank of North America, III., 233.

Appoints commissioners to audit State claims, III., 289.

Takes no action regarding payment of soldiers, III., 291.

Appoints peace commissioners, III., 301.
Ratifies treaty of peace, III., 309.

Issues proclamation declaring hostilities at end, III., 310.

Disbands the army, III., 316.

Decline of power of, after the war, III., 326.

Impotence of, to enact navigation laws, III., 347-348.

States refuse to grant power of regulating commerce to, III., 348-349.

Appoints commissioners to negotiate commercial treaties, III., 349.

Ratifies treaty with Prussia, III., 350. Requests power to levy duties, III., 352353.

Adopts plan for national currency, III., 358-359.

Passes national currency act, III., 365-366.
Passes resolution regarding confiscated
property of Loyalists, III., 367.
Sends Adams to England, III., 368.

Requests States to rescind laws conflicting
with peace treaty, III., 370.
Appoints Jay to negotiate regarding navi-
gation of the Mississippi, III., 374.
Appoints committee to advise with Jay,
III., 375.

Votes to allow Spain to close the Missis-
sippi, III., 378.

Dispute in, over legality of Jay's action,
III., 381.

Urges States to cede western lands, III., 383.
Passes the Ordinance of 1784, III., 385-387.
King's anti-slavery resolution, III., 387.
Introduction of Ordinance of 1787, III.,
387.

Passes Ordinance, III., 390.

Grants land to Miami Company, III., 398399.

Powers of, under Confederation, III., 408 et seq.

Meagerness of attendance in, III., 411.
Authorizes Federal Convention, III., 421-
422.

Authorizes suppression of Shays' rebellion,
III., 426.

Resolves to transmit Constitution to States,
IV., I.

Proclaims Constitution as supreme law and
fixes day for election, IV., 30.
Last meeting of, IV., 77.
Presidents of, X., 531.
Congress, National.

Discussions regarding, in Federal Conven

tion, III., 464 et seq. The genesis of, IX., 307. Comparison of the Senate and the British

House of Lords, IX., 308.

Powers of Senate and House, IX., 308-309.
Membership in the House, IX., 309.
Influence of the Speaker, IX., 309.

Famous Speakers, IX., 309–310.

Increase in membership of, IX., 310.

Eminent members of, IX., 310–311.

Business transacted by, IX., 311.

Southern members resign or are expelled on secession of Confederate States, IX., 312.

Statesmen of the war period, X., 463. Lowering, of the Congressional standard, X., 463-464.

Issues raised by the war, X., 464. Changes in Congressional procedure, X., 464-465.

Presidents of the Senate and Speakers of the House, X., 532.

Congress, First.

Congress

First session, Mar. 4 to Sept. 29, 1789.
Second session, Jan. 4 to Aug. 12, 1790.
Third session, Dec. 6, 1790, to Mar. 3, 1791.
Creates District of Columbia, I., 3.
Election of members of, IV., 79–80.
Organizes for work, IV., 83.

Dispute in, over Washington's title, IV., 83.

Dispute in, over salaries, IV., 84-85. Creates State, Treasury, and War Departments, IV., 85.

Debate on the President's appointing

Hamilton's second report on public credit, IV., 116, 141-143.

Passes bill laying impost and excise duties,
IV., 117.

Incorporates the Bank, IV., 117-120.
Second session convenes, IV., 145.
Washington's message to, IV., 145.
Acts passed by, IV., 145.

Accepts cession of western lands by North
Carolina, IV., 147.

Passes act for admission of Kentucky, IV., 149.

Washington's message to, on Indian war, IV., 191.

Confirms Creek treaty, IV., 203.

Debate on taxing imported slaves, IV., 309

310.

Debate on anti-slavery petitions, IV., 310313.

Congress, Second.

First session, Oct. 24, 1791, to May 8, 1792. Second session, Nov. 5, 1792, to Mar. 2, 1793.

Washington's message to, IV., 123.
Fixes rates of postage, IV., 124-125.
Debate on the army bill, IV., 125–126.
Hamilton's report on manufactures, IV.,
126.

Second session convenes, IV., 132.
Washington's message to, IV., 132.

Hamilton's third report on public credit,
IV., 133.

Debate on Giles' resolutions, IV., 134-136.
Acts passed by, IV., 136.

Debate on apportionment bill, IV.,
Passes excise law, IV., 244-245.
Passes fugitive slave law, IV., 313.
Congress, Third.

161-162.

First session, Dec. 2, 1793, to June 9, 1794. Second session, Nov. 3, 1794, to Mar. 3, 1795.

Special session of the Senate, June 8-26, 1795.

Washington's message to, IV., 175-176.
The debate on Madison's commercial reso-
lutions, IV., 179 et seq.
Passes Embargo bill, IV., 182.

The indemnity and non-intercourse bills,
IV., 182, 185-186.

Jay appointed envoy to England, IV., 185. Votes money for fortifications and navy, IV., 186-187; V., 84-85.

Passes excise and tariff bills, IV., 187. Passage of acts to insure neutrality, IV., 188.

Approves Washington's conduct of negotia

tions with Spain, IV., 208-209.

Grants lands to French immigrants, IV., 235.

Passes the Eleventh Amendment, IV., 242244.

Passes bill facilitating trials in Pennsylvania, IV., 245.

Washington's message to, IV., 251-252. Debate on answers to, IV., 252-253. Amends naturalization law, IV., 254. Passes Hamilton's financial measures, IV., 254-256.

Conditionally ratifies Jay's treaty, IV., 262.

Congress, Fourth.

First session, Dec. 7, 1795, to June 1, 1796. Second session, Dec. 5, 1796, to Mar. 3, 1797.

Admits Tennessee, IV., 241.

Debate on Jay's treaty, IV., 275-281.
Washington's address to, IV., 288-289.
Enactments of, IV., 289.

Washington's last annual address to, IV., 295.

Considers the Yazoo question, V., 79.

Congress, Fourth-Continued.

Congress

Appropriates money to pay Algiers, V., 86. Authorizes issuance of protections to seamen, V., 170.

Congress, Fifth.

First session, May 15 to July 10, 1797.
Second session, Nov. 13, 1797, to July 16,
1798.

Third session, Dec. 3, 1798, to Mar. 3, 1799.
Debate on slavery, IV., 313-314.

Adams' message regarding French affairs,
IV., 331-332.

Sends envoys to France, IV., 334.

Acts of special session, IV., 335.
Debate on foreign ministers, IV., 335-336.
The Blount impeachment, IV., 340-341.
Considers bankrupt bill, IV., 343.

Debate on coinage and mint, IV., 343-
346.

The Lyon-Griswold fracas in, IV., 346–347.
Adams' message to, IV., 357-358.
Debate on Sprigg's resolutions, IV., 359-
360.

Debate on declaration of war with France,
IV., 363.

Declares French treaties no longer obliga-
tory, IV., 363-364.

Passes Alien, Alien Enemies, Naturalization
and Sedition acts, IV., 366 et seq.
Refuses to repeal Alien and Sedition laws,
IV., 373-374.

Debate on the electoral law, IV., 375.
Tries Duane for sedition, IV., 375-376.
Establishes Navy Department, IV., 402.
Authorizes increase of navy, IV., 403-404.
Authorizes privateers, IV., 404.

Lays tax on land, houses and slaves, IV.,
405-406.

Confirms Washington's appointments, IV.,
408.

Passes Non-intercourse act, IV., 416.
Awards medal to Truxtun, IV., 420.
Adams' message to, IV., 429-430.
Pickering's report on French mission, IV.,
430-431.

Passes act to suspend commercial inter-
course, IV., 431.

Confirms envoys to France, IV., 435-436. Erects Mississippi Territory, IV., 474; V., 79.

Discusses Yazoo land question, V., 79. Congress, Sixth.

First session, Dec. 2, 1799, to May 4, 1800. Second session, Nov. 17, 1800, to Mar. 3, 1801.

Debate on slavery in, IV., 314–315.