Poverty and depression at Charleston, VIII., III.

Conditions at New Orleans after its capture, VIII., 161–162.

Butler's "General Order No. 28", VIII., 162-163.

Havoc wrought by Sherman's "bummers," IX., 66-67.

The burning of Columbia, IX., 96–98. Poverty and desolation in Charleston, IX., 98-99.

High prices of commodities in Richmond, IX., 107-108.

Effect on the North of the repudiation of

Southern debts, IX., 145-146.

Household economies, IX., 146-147.
Business revival after 1862, IX., 147-148.

Commercial failures, IX., 148.

Banking reforms, IX., 149.

The currency problem, IX., 150.
Bank deposits, IX., 151.

Progress of insurance, IX., 151.

Foreign trade, IX., 152.

Decline of American merchant marine, IX., 152-154.

The sectionalism of prosperity, IX., 154155.

Growth of agriculture, IX., 155.

Agricultural inventions, IX., 155-156.

Westward migration, IX., 156.

The Homestead act, IX., 157.

Mining and minerals, IX., 158-160.

Manufactures, IX., 160-162.

Government manufactures, IX., 162–164.

Corruption, IX., 164, 350-351, 354.

Bounty jumpers and substitute brokers, IX., 164-165.

Illicit intercourse between North and South, IX., 166-170.

Condition of the laboring classes, IX., 171

172.

Labor organizations, IX., 173-174. Municipal improvements, IX., 174-176. Educational conditions, IX., 176–178. Social gaiety, IX., 178.

Sports, IX., 179.

The Sanitary Commission, IX., 180-183.
The Christian Commission, IX., 184-185.
Charities, IX., 185.

Religious activities, IX., 185.
Crime, IX., 185-186.

High prices of commodities in the South,
IX., 186-187, 353.

Household and other economies, IX., 187. Crop shortages in the South, IX., 187–188.

Civil War-Continued.

Claiborne

Speculation and extortion, IX., 188-189. Efforts to relieve conditions, IX., 189-190. Manufactures, IX., 190.

Salary increases in the South, IX., 191. Social life and amusements, IX., 191-192. Vice and crime, IX., 192–193.

Women's work in the South, IX., 193. Religion in the Southern armies, IX., 194. Division among church organizations, IX., 355.

Educational conditions in the South, IX.,

194-195.

Conditions at close of war, IX., 195-197,

349-355.

The Political Effects of the War.

Vital issues settled by the war, IX., 201

202.

Fixing the status of the Nation, IX., 202203.

Effects of the abolition of slavery, IX., 203-204.

Reorganization of life in the South, IX.,

204.

Effect on expansion policy, IX., 204-205. Effects on legislation and administration,

IX., 205.

Civil War, Reconstruction during. See RECON

STRUCTION.

Civilization.

Influence of the Indian on European civilization in the United States, I., 56-92. Antiquity of American, I., 57.

Claiborne, Gen. Ferdinand L., Defeats Greeks, V., 451.

Claiborne, W. C. C.

Informs Madison of abrogation of right of deposit, V., 24.

Appointed commissioner to receive Louisiana, V., 38-39.

Appointed governor of Louisiana, V., 41. Ignorant of laws, V., 42.

Requests power to expel Spaniards, V., 43.

Worried at Spanish movements, V., 141.
Issues proclamation, V., 141.

Bewildered by Burr's conspiracy, V., 149.
Sends information to Meade, V., 150.
Refuses to place New Orleans under mar-
tial law, V., 150.

Prohibits departure of vessels, V., 150. Refuses to suspend habeas corpus, V., 151. Ordered to occupy West Florida, V., 254255.

Captures Baton Rouge, V., 255.

Receives offer of aid from Lafitte, VI., 65.

Clark, George Rogers.

Presents Transylvania memorial to Virginia, II., 286.

Leads expedition to the Northwest, III., 138-141.

Leads retaliatory expeditions, III., 280, 282.

Organizes military company to retaliate against Spaniards, III., 379–380.

Induces Shawanese to cede lands, III., 388.

Conducts expedition against Indians, III., 398.

Commissioned a French major-general, IV., 206.

Clark, Col. Isaac, At Lacolle Mill, V., 419-420. Clark, John, Leader of the Anabaptist sect, I., 326.

Clark, Gen. John B. (Confed.), At Carthage, VIII., 62.

Clark, Capt. Joseph C. (Confed.).

At Port Republic, VIII., 185-186.
At South Mountain, VIII., 223.

Clark, Myron H., Elected governor of New
York, VII., 355.

Clark, Robert, Moves admission of Missouri, VI., 211.

Clark, William.

Explorations of, I., 4; V., 74-76.

Aids in suppressing Black Hawk, VI., 479. Ordered to exterminate or expel Mormons,

VII., 12.

Clarke, Colonel, At Churubusco, VII., 241-242.

Clarke, Col. Elijah. Retreat of, III., 203.

Clay

Defeated by Brown at Augusta, III., 256. Clarke, George.

Appointed governor of New York, II., 12. His dispute with the Assembly, II., 12. Clarke, Rev. James Freeman, IX., 279. Clarke, John, Secures charter for Rhode Island, I., 344-345, 362-369.

Class Distinctions, In the colonies, II., 158 et

seq.

Clay, Clement C.

Offers substitute tariff bill, VII., 437.
On the effects of slavery, VIII., 18.
Approves Young's raid on St. Albans, Vt.,
VIII., 396.

Peace mission of, IX., 81.

Clay, Gen. Green, Relieves Fort Meigs, V., 368-369.

Clay, Henry.

Sent to Congress by the hemp interests, IV., 46.

Acts as counsel for Burr, V., 147, 148.

In Congress, V., 266.

Elected Speaker, V., 279, 387; VI., 110, 201. Speech on army bill, V., 282-283.

Places plan of action before Monroe, V., 290.

Defeats attempt to repeal non-intercourse act, V., 296.

Opposes renewal of Bank charter, V., 318.
Proposes invasion of Canada, V., 339.
Appointed peace envoy, VI., 88.
Negotiations of, VI., 89 et seq.
Advocates charter of Bank, VI., 106.
Favors reduction of taxes, VI., 112.
Proposes increase of cotton duty, VI., 114-

115.

Concludes commercial convention with England, VI., 120.

Remarks regarding compensation bill, VI.,

131.

Refuses to become Secretary of War, VI.,

134.

Attacks Jackson, VI., 151.

Denounces Florida treaty, VI., 157.

Makes up committee on manufactures, VI.,

190.

Opposes prohibition of slavery in Arkansas, VI., 199.

Opposes admission of Maine while Missouri is restricted as to slavery, VI.,

202.

Introduces Missouri Compromise plan, VI., 209-212.

Champions South American cause, VI., 220.

Recommends recognition of South Ameri-
can republics, VI., 220-221.
Approves the Monroe Doctrine, VI., 229.
His instructions to Poinsett, VI., 229.
Nominated for the Presidency, VI., 231.
Efforts of, to secure New York electors,
VI., 234-236.

Electoral votes for, VI., 236–238.

Kremer's attack on, VI., 237-238, 333-334. Appointed Secretary of State, VI., 238. Attitude toward South American Congress, VI., 239.

Attempts to extend southern boundary, VI., 249.

Presides over colonization meeting, VI., 278.

Denies Kremer's charges, VI., 334.
Fights duel with Randolph, VI., 336.
Denies compact with Adams, VI., 339.
Introduces tariff bill of 1832 (his American

system), VI., 376.

Determined to secure action on Bank re

charter, VI., 382.

Attacks Jackson's veto, VI., 383.
Indorsed for Presidency, VI., 385.
Nominated but defeated, VI., 388-391.
Opinion of Jackson's message, VI., 396.
Introduces compromise tariff, VI., 401.
Introduces resolutions censuring Jackson,
VI., 414-416.

Moves that deposits be replaced in Bank,
VI., 419.

On power of Congress to execute State laws, VI., 444.

Moves rejection of petition to abolish slavery in District of Columbia, VI., 447. Reports on French Spoliation Claims, VI., 454.

Introduces land bill, VI., 487-488. Resolution regarding electoral vote, VI.,

493.

Introduces land bill and other measures, VI., 498.

Urges consideration of anti-slavery petitions, VII., 23-26.

Resolutions of, VII., 26–27.

Advocates delay in subtreasury bill, VII.,

31.

Defeated for Presidential nomination, VII., 51.

Denounces entrance of abolitionists into politics, VII., 52.

Introduces bill to repeal subtreasury act, VII., 55-56, 62.

Declines Cabinet position, VII., 58.

Clay, Henry-Continued.

Clayton

Bothered by office-seekers, VII., 59.
Ascertains Tyler's policies, VII., 60–61.
Reports Bank bill, VII., 62.

His Raleigh letter opposing annexation of
Texas, VII., 106.

Defeated for Presidency in 1844, VII., 108115.

Fails to receive Presidential nomination, VII., 259.

Promises to investigate canal project, VII., 261; X., 229.

Favors gradual emancipation, VII., 282. Introduces resolutions on slavery, VII.,

285-286.

Anti-secession speech of, VII., 286.
Chairman of committee of 13, VII., 290.
Opposes anti-slavery agitation, VII., 299.
Death of, VII., 311.

Character of speeches of, IX., 277.

Clayborne, William.

Opposes grant of Maryland to Baltimore,
I., 280-281; II., 140–141.

His fight with the Marylanders and depor-
tation to England, I., 281.

His second attempt to usurp the govern-
ment, I., 282-283.

Deposes Stone as governor of Maryland,
I., 284.

Claypole, James, Member of Pennsylvania. council, I., 404.

Clayton, Judge Augustine S.

At anti-tariff meeting, VI., 276.

Discharges arrested gold diggers, VI., 365.
Trial of missionaries before, VI., 368.
Advocates examination of the Bank, VI.,
381.

Opposes renewal of Bank charter, VI., 382.
Advises nullification, VI., 392.

Clayton, John M.

Attacks Jackson's veto, VI., 383.

Introduces resolution replying to Calhoun,
VI., 399-400.

Resolution of, VI., 485.

Moves recommitment of tariff bill, VII.,

175.

Prophecy of, VII., 227.

Moves reference of slavery question in
Oregon to committee, VII., 255.
Fails to receive Presidential nomination,
VII., 259.

Sends instructions to Squier, VII., 266.
Instructions to Lawrence, VII., 268.
Negotiates treaty with Bulwer, VII., 269-
272; X., 230.

Becomes Secretary of State, VII., 279.

Steele, VIII., 415.

Clayton-Bulwer Treaty, The, VII., 267-272; X.,

230-231.

Attempts to revise, X., 16-17, 233.

Abrogated by Hay-Pauncefote treaty, X.,
235.

Clearing House System, Established, IX., 255.
Cleburne, Maj.-Gen. Patrick R. (Confed.).
At Richmond, Ky., VIII., 243.
At Murfreesboro, VIII., 251-256.
At McLemore's Cove, VIII., 370–371.
At Chickamauga, VIII., 373–377.
At Chattanooga, VIII., 382–386.
At Ringgold Gap, VIII., 386–387.
At Peach Tree Creek, VIII., 482.
At Leggett's Hill, VIII., 482–484.
At Spring Hill, IX., 71.

At Franklin, IX., 73.

Cleeve, George.

Buys the Plough Patent to Lygonia, I., 330.

Ousts Vines, I., 331.

Clemens, Samuel L. (Mark Twain). Americanism of, X., 445.

Writings of, X., 8, 455.

Clement VII., Pope, Quarrels with Henry
VIII., I., 201-202.

Clerical Appeal, The, VII., 20.
Clermont, The, V., 307.

Cleveland, Col. Benjamin, At King's Moun

tain, III., 204.

Cleveland, Grover.

Elected President, X., 22-23.
Inaugurated, X., 24.

Vetoes appropriation to pay French Spolia-
tion Claims, IV., 443.

Withdraws treaty with Nicaragua, X., 17.
His controversy with the Senate, X., 25-26.
Vetoes pension bills, X., 26.

Approves Hatch act, X., 26–27.

Appoints Fuller Chief Justice, X., 33.
Defeated for reëlection in 1888, X., 39-40.
Reëlected in 1892, X., 51.

Calls special session of Congress, X., 53.
Calls on strikers to disperse, X., 54.
Refuses to sign Gorman-Wilson tariff bill,
X., 55.

Vetoes Bland silver bill, X., 57.
Withdraws Hawaiian treaty from Senate,
X., 83.

Sends Blount to investigate affairs in Ha-
waii, X., 83.

Threatens to withdraw from Hawaiian af

fairs, X., 84.

Submits Hawaiian papers to Congress, X., 84.

Cleveland, Grover-Continued.

Clinton

Withdraws naval force from Hawaii, X., 85. Messages of, X., 24, 25, 30, 36, 57, 68, 69, 84. Cleveland, O.

Population of, in 1840, VII., 119.

Political convention at, in 1864, IX., 3.
Population of, 1850-1870, IX., 156.

Municipal improvements in, 1861-1865, IX.,
174-175.

Population of, in 1910, I., 8. Cliff-Dwellers.

Relation of Pueblo Indians to, I., 38, 61, 103.

Culture of, I., 58, 60-61.

Appointed Erie Canal commissioner, V., 307.

Defeated for Presidency, V., 373, 376.
Elected governor of New York, VI., 135.
Nominated for Presidency by anti-slavery
Republicans, VI., 193.
Nominated in 1824, VI., 232.

Removed from office of canal commissioner, VI., 234.

Elected governor of New York, VI., 235. Reappointed canal commissioner, VI., 314. Opens the Erie canal, VI., 314.

Interested in isthmian canal project, VII., 261; X., 229.

Clinton, George.

Becomes governor of New York, II., 13. Takes possession of New York, III., 316– 317.

Endeavors to prevent ratification of the impost measure by New York, III., 357.

Cobb

Closson, Capt. Henry W. (Fed.), At Sabine Cross Roads, VIII., 417.

Cloth.

Attempt to start the manufacture of, in New England, I., 323.

Encouragement of the manufacture of, in Virginia, I., 371.

Employment of machinery in making, IV., 43.

Clothing.

Of the Indians, I., 85-86.

Imported, II., 187.

Duty on, in tariff of 1789, IV., 100.

Importation of, from England prohibited,
V., 168.

Manufactured by Confederacy, VIII., 141.
Manufacture of, aided by the invention of
the sewing machine, IX., 162.

Value of manufactures of 1850, 1860, IX., 227-232.

Cloyd's Mountain, Va., Battle of, IX., 20-21. Clubs, Men's, In the South, II., 162.

Cluseret, Col. Gustave P. (Fed.), At Cross Keys, VIII., 184-185.

Clymer, George.

Signs Declaration, II., 438.

Left to conduct affairs at Philadelphia, II.,
462.

Aids in defending Wilson's house, III., 156.
Raises funds to relieve army, III., 182.
Member of compromise committee in Fed-
eral Convention, III., 490.
Signs Constitution, III., 497.

Moves calling of convention in Penn-
sylvania to consider Constitution, IV., 6.
Advocates duty on steel, IV., 94.

Favors protection for steel industry, IV., 96-97.

Coal.

Average annual production of, I., 27.
Duty on, in tariff of 1789, IV., 100.
Attempt to mine anthracite coal, IV., 130.
Increase in price of, during War of 1812,
VI., 43.

Introduction of anthracite, VI., 307; IX.,
228-229.

Production of 1850-1860, IX., 229.

Production of, during Civil War, IX., 158.
Remission of tax on, IX., 402.

Reduction in duty on, IX., 448.

Production of 1870-1910, X., 328.

Coast Survey, Founded, V., 304.
Cobb, Confederate guerilla, VIII., 257-258.
Cobb, Howell.

On the Wilmot Proviso, VII., 222.
Elected Speaker, VII., 283.