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Economic Conditions

Economic Conditions.

INDEX

See COMMERCE; INDUS

TRY; FINANCE; DEBTS; AGRICULTURE; BANK-
ING; INSURANCE; REAL AND PERSONAL
PROPERTY VALUES; LAND SYSTEM; TARIFF;
GOVERNMENT REGULATION; TRANSPORTA-
TION; MINING; LUMBERING; LABOR; INTER-
STATE COMMERCE; COMMUNICATION; RECI-
PROCITY; COMMUNISTIC EXPERIMENTS; ANTI-
RENT DISTURBANCES; PAUPERISM; SLAVERY;
STRIKES AND LOCKOUTS, Etc.

Ector, Brig.-Gen. M. D. (Fed.), At Mobile,
IX., 18.

Ecuador, Treaties with, VIII., 132; IX., 239, 333; X., 75, 520.

Eddy, Samuel, On compromise committee, VI., 211.

Eddy, Thomas, Appointed Erie Canal com

missioner, V., 307.

Eden, Robert, Expelled from Maryland, II.,

413.

Eden, William, Fails in peace mission, III.,

100-101.

Edmunds, George F., Member of electoral commission, IX., 476.

Education.

Among the early Indians, I., 53.

Admission of Indians to colleges, I., 69. Religious instruction instituted at Quebec, I., 133.

Land set apart in Virginia to endow college, I., 175-176; II., 170.

Free school for boys established at Hartford, I., 263.

Fostering of, by New Englanders, I., 266. Founding of Harvard University, I., 266267.

Virginia's compulsory education act and the founding of free schools, I., 277; II.,

170-171.

Educational affairs in New Netherland, I.,
299–300; II., 171–172.
Berkeley's intolerance of, I., 371.
Establishment of free schools in Virginia,
I., 371; II., 170–171.

Beginnings of education in Pennsylvania,
I., 403-404.

First public school chartered at Philadelphia, I., 405.

Charter secured for Princeton College, II., 15.

German schools established in Pennsylvania, II., 20.

William and Mary College established in

Virginia, II., 22-23, 170.

King William School founded at Annapolis, Md., II., 29.

Education-Continued.

Education

Establishment of free school system in
Maryland, II., 29-30.

Williams College founded, II., 94.
Medical schools established, II., 130.
Yale College founded, II., 150.

The East India School in Virginia, II.,

170.

Religious and private schools in Virginia, II., 170-171.

Jefferson's school law, II., 170.

Education in other Southern colonies, II., 171.

Free grammar and other schools established at New York, II., 172. Education in New Jersey and Pennsylvania, II., 172.

Education in New England, II., 172-173. Colleges founded prior to 1764, II., 173174.

Conditions after the Revolution, III., 339.
Colleges founded prior to and after the
Revolution, IV., 58–59.
Medical schools, IV., 59.
Secondary education, IV., 59.
Public schools, IV., 59-60.

Land grants for educational purposes, IV., 60.

The education of women, IV., 60-61. Blount College the first non-denominational college, IV., 236.

Growth of Harvard College, IV., 496. Growth of common school systems, IV., 496.

Columbia, Princeton, and other colleges, IV., 496-497.

Establishment of University of Virginia, VI., 137-138.

Pennsylvania establishes public school system, VI., 321.

State enactments forbidding education of negroes, VI., 429-430.

The New Haven, Crandall, and other negro schools, VI., 431-432.

Quotas of the surplus used for educational purposes by various States, VI., 491

492.

Number of universities, colleges, academies, public schools and instructors, teachers and pupils, in North and South in 1850, VII., 142.

Colleges and universities established during Civil War, IX., 176.

Volunteers furnished to army by various colleges, IX., 176–177.

Ladies' seminaries, IX., 177.

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High and elementary schools, IX., 177.
Night schools, business colleges, and nor-
mal schools, IX., 177–178.
Teachers' associations, IX., 178.

Education in the South during the war,
IX., 194-195.

Land grants by government to 1865, IX.,

214.

Education in agriculture before the war, IX., 236.

Increase in collegiate institutions between 1800 and 1830, IX., 263.

First provisions for public elementary schools, IX., 264.

The first state board of education, IX., 264.

The rise of academies, IX., 265–266.

The higher education of women, IX., 266267.

Attempts to establish national university, IX., 267.

Educational land grants, IX., 267-268; X., 422.

Rise of professional schools, IX., 268. Educational development in rural agricultural districts, X., 350-354.

Cause of the educational awakening after
the war, X., 421-422.
Establishment of the Bureau of Education,
X., 422.

The National Teachers' Association and the National Educational Association, X., 422.

The township unit, X., 422–423.

Number of public schools and pupils, X., 423.

Taxation for school purposes, X., 423. Public school expenditures, X., 424. Introduction of the kindergarten, X., 424. The Montessori System, X., 424. Intermediate and high schools, X., 425. Improvements in methods of teaching, X., 425-426.

Manual training, X., 426.

Vocational schools, X., 426.

Public high schools, X., 426-427.
Extension of studies, X., 427.

Retardation and the hygiene of grading,
X., 428.

The Binet test, X., 428.

Open air schools, X., 428-429.

School hygiene, X., 429.
Religious instruction, X., 429.

Boy Scout and other movements, X., 429

430.

Education-Continued.

Elections

Corporal punishment abolished, X., 429.
Revolution of the text book, X., 430.
Length of the school year and hours of
study, X., 430.

Equal pay and teachers' pensions, X., 430-
431.

Normal schools and other teachers' agen
cies, X., 431-432.
Rural schools, X., 432.
Negro education, X., 432-433.
Education funds, X., 433.

Indian education, X., 433-434.

Private elementary schools, X., 434.
Professional schools, X., 434.

Industrial and other schools, X., 434-435.
Colleges and universities, X., 435-436.
Indirect education, X., 436.

Evening, summer and vacation schools, X.,
436-437.

Widening influence of American education, X., 437.

Edward VI., King of England, Church reforms under, I., 202.

Edwards, Jonathan.

Leads the great revival, I., 467.

Writings of, IV., 68.

Edwards, Ninian, The "A. B." plot of, VI.,

232.

Eel River Indians.

Conclude treaty of Greenville, IV., 199.
Harrison's treaty with, V., 269.

Effigy Mounds, I., 96.

Effingham, Lord Howard of.

Becomes governor of Virginia, I., 377-378.
Rapacity of, I., 378.

Recalled by the King, I., 378.

Egg Harbor, Ferguson's attack on Pulaski at,
III., 136.

Egypt, treaty with, X., 520.
Elbert, Col. Samuel.

Places troops in camp, III., 162.

Captured by General Prevost, III., 163. El Caney, Campaign and battle of, X., 138

141.

Elder, Capt. Samuel S. (Fed.), At Olustee, VIII., 412.

Eldridge, Charles A., Member of judiciary committee, IX., 391.

Elections.

Method of electing members of Congress discussed in Federal Convention, III.,

457.

Election and reëlection of Washington and Adams, IV., 80-81, 166-167.

Adams and Jefferson, IV., 291–296.

Elections

Elections-Continued.

INDEX

Introduction of bill to change electoral

laws, IV., 375.

Election of Jefferson and Burr, IV., 462469.

Introduction of bill to change electoral

methods, IV., 469-470.

Change in method of electing President and Vice-President under Twelfth Amendment, V., 112-113.

Election of Jefferson and Clinton, V., 113117.

Madison and Clinton, V., 212-213.
Madison and Gerry, V., 373-376.
Monroe and Tompkins, VI., 131-132, 193-

194, 210-211.

Adams and Calhoun, VI., 230-238.
Jackson and Calhoun, VI., 333-341.
Jackson and Van Buren, VI., 384-391.
Van Buren and Johnson, VI., 492-493.
Harrison and Tyler, VII., 50-55.
Polk and Dallas, VII., 107-115.
Taylor and Fillmore, VII., 256–261.
Pierce and King, VII., 309-314.

Buchanan and Breckenridge, VII., 374384.

Lincoln and Hamlin, VII., 422-429. Vallandigham defeated for Ohio governorship, VIII., 352.

The elections of 1863, VIII., 353-355. Lincoln's second nomination, IX., 3-4. Nomination of McClellan and Pendleton, IX., 83.

Lincoln's second election, IX., 85. Congressional elections of 1866, IX., 378

379.

Grant and Colfax, IX., 396-398.

Amendment of the Federal election laws, IX., 438-439.

Grant and Wilson, IX., 444-445.

The Hayes-Tilden disputed election, IX.,

470-479.

Garfield and Arthur, X., 11-12.

Republican reverses in 1882, X., 18-19.

Cleveland and Hendricks, X., 22-23.

Harrison and Morton, X., 39-40.

Cleveland and Stevenson, X., 51.

McKinley and Hobart, X., 72-73.

McKinley and Roosevelt, X., 214-216.

Roosevelt and Fairbanks, X., 249-251.
Taft and Sherman, X., 275-276.
Democratic successes in elections of 1910,

X., 289-290.

Wilson and Marshall, X., 301-302.

List of Presidential and Vice-Presidential candidates, X., 527-531.

Elliot

Electoral Commission, Appointment and decision of, IX., 475-478.

Elephant Mound, I., 59.

Elevators, Passenger, The first, IX., 175.
Elgin, James Bruce, Earl of, Negotiates reci-
procity treaty, VII., 333-334.

Eliot, Rev. Andrew, Opposes sending of
bishop to colonies, II., 211.
Eliot, Sir Charles, X., 78.
Eliot, John.

Arrives in America, I., 249.

His labors among the Indians, I., 336-337.
His Christian Commonwealth condemned by
Massachusetts, I., 342.

Elizabeth, Queen of England.

Takes steps to increase England's mari-
time strength, I., 137-138.

Commissions Gilbert to establish colony in
America, I., 139.

Grants patent to Raleigh, I., 141.

Virginia named in honor of, I., 143.
Religious policy of, I., 203.

Elizabeth City, N. C., Captured by Union forces, VIII., 105.

Elizabethtown, Forsyth's attack on, V., 402. Elizabethtown, N. J.

Established, I., 309.

Represented in Assembly, I., 310.

Rivals New York as port of entry, I.,
313.

Elk Horn Tavern, Battle of. See PEA RIDGE.
Elkins Act, The, X., 259.
Ellery, William.

Signs Declaration, II., 437.

Signs Articles of Confederation, III., 110. Ellet, Lieut.-Col. Charles (Fed.), Killed at Memphis, VIII., 166-167.

Ellet, Col. Charles R. (Fed.), Operations in the Queen of the West, VIII., 313.

Ellett, Brig.-Gen. Alfred W. (Fed.).
Sends rams to run Vicksburg batteries,
VIII., 313.

In Red River expedition, VIII., 415.
Ellicott, Col. Andrew.

Continues work of laying out Washington,
IV., 445.

Draws Florida-Georgia boundary line, IX.,
207.

Ellicott, E. B., Member of civil service com

mittee, IX., 440.

Ellicott, Joseph, Appointed Erie Canal commissioner, VI., 314.

Elliot, Lieut. Jesse Duncan.

Captures ship at Fort Erie, V., 354.
At battle of Lake Erie, V., 393-397.
Commands the Ontario, VI., 125.

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At Federal Convention, III., 448, 497. Advocates omission of word national, III., 463.

Moves an equal vote in the Senate, III., 465.

Deprecates possibility of combinations of States, III., 465-466.

Appointed member of committee of compromise, III., 466.

Member of committee to draft constitution, III., 474.

Attitude toward suffrage, III., 482.

Favors allowing States to decide slavery question, III., 488.

Elected to the Senate, IV., 80.

Prepares bill establishing judiciary, IV.,

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Emigration

Elzey, Col. Arnold (Confed.), At first Bull Run, VIII., 53-54.

Emancipation.

TRADE.

See SLAVERY AND THE SLAVE

Emancipation Proclamation, The, VIII., 237

240.

Emancipator, The, The first newspaper devoted to anti-slavery, VI., 292; VII., 146. Embalmed Beef Scandal, X., 202.

Embargo.

Laid on vessels in South Carolina at time of Yemassee war, II., 35.

Sedgwick's resolutions regarding, IV., 181. Laying of the embargo and its effects, IV., 182.

Passage of the embargo act of 1807, V., 190-191.

Passage of the first supplementary em

bargo act, V., 193.

Idleness caused by, V., 195-196.

Passage of the second supplementary act, V., 196.

Congress authorizes President to suspend embargo, V., 198.

Passage of the third supplementary act, V., 198-199.

Failure of, V., 213.

Congress passes the force bill, V., 216.
Repeal of, V., 219–220.

Disastrous effects of, V., 265.

Congress passes embargo of 1812, V., 291. Madison's recommendation of, VI., 44. Act passed by Congress, VI., 44-45. Opposed by the Federalists, VI., 45. Embree, Elihu, Establishes the Emancipator, VI., 292; VII., 146.

Emerson, Joseph, IX., 266, 286.

Emerson, Ralph Waldo.

Connected with Brook Farm Institute,
VII., 129.

Aids John Brown's schemes, VII., 413 et
seq.

Writings of, IX., 280-281, 294.

Emery, Henry C., Member of tariff board, X.,

279.

Emigrant Aid Society, The.

Sends settlers to Kansas, VII., 356.
Attacked by Douglas and defended by
Sumner, VII., 367.

Emigration.

To New England prohibited by Virginia, I., 271.

To the West before 1800, IV., 480.

To Missouri, VI., 197.

To the West after the War of 1812, VI., 307-308.

Emigration

Emigration-Continued.

INDEX

Of the Mormons to Missouri, VI., 460461.

To Oregon and the West, VII., 7-10, 180-
181.

To California gold-fields, VII., 274-275.
To Kansas, VII., 356, 370.

To the Western States, 1850-1870, IX., 156. Emmes, Thomas, Engraving of Mather by, IV., 73.

Emmett, Daniel, IX., 298.

Emory, Maj.-Gen. William H. (Fed.).

At Hanover Court House, VIII., 175-176.
At Red River, VIII., 326-327.

At Sabine Cross Roads, VIII., 417–418.
At Pleasant Hill, VIII., 419.

At Fisher's Hill, IX., 54-56.

At Cedar Creek, IX., 57-59.

Sent to quell New Orleans disturbances,
IX., 466.

Emuckfaw, Jackson's victory at, V., 452.
Enclosures, I., 97-98.

Encomium, The, Case of, VI., 452.

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England-Continued.

England

Struggle of the colonies with, for the West India trade, II., 187.

Condition of, under Pitt, II., 202. Navigation acts promulgated by, II., 204209.

Tobacco planting prohibited in, II., 207. Opposition of, to banking and currency in colonies, II., 213-214.

The effort to tax the colonies, II., 216–246. Character of the British colonial governors, II., 267.

The Armed Neutrality against, II., 228, 236-237.

For the events of the Revolutionary War, see that title; also PARLIAMENT. Dispute with United States over the terms of the peace treaty, III., 366–368. Forbids exportation of machinery to America, IV., 44, 47.

Commerce of colonies with, IV., 50-51. Refuses to surrender Western posts, IV., 170-171.

Influence of the French Revolution on, IV., 173-174.

Authorizes seizure of neutral ships, IV., 174.

Impresses American sailors, IV., 175. Returns Florida to Spain, IV., 199; V., 18-19.

Jay's treaty with, IV., 257 et seq., 281-287. Renews order of June, 1793, to seize provision ships, IV., 263.

Arbitrates American claims against, IV., 441-442.

Commercial relations with, IV., 488.

At war with France, V., 165.
Retaliatory Orders in Council, V., 165-166.
Decisions in cases of the Polly, Mercury,
and Essex, V., 166–167.

Blockades Holland, Guadalupe, Martinique, etc., V., 166-167.

The dispute with the United States over impressment, V., 169 et seq. Blockades Europe, V., 173.

Monroe and Pinckney negotiate treaty with, V., 174-175.

Threatening attitude of British press, V., 182.

English fleet bombards Copenhagen, V., 184-185.

Issues Orders in Council of November 11, 1807, V., 185.

Effect of embargo on, V., 199–200.

Joy in, over Wellesley's victories, V., 203, 206.

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