do not like a manufacturing or a commercial population, but are prepared to submit with the best grace possible to the change about to Come over us. The old commonwealth will ere long become more rich and populous than ever, but she will abound in paupers, criminals and parvenus. We have just returned from a trip of a week into the country. To our surprise it proved to be the most agreeable trip we ever took in our life. We had feared that we should find our old friends and acquaintances with sad countenances, gloomy, silent and unsocial. On the contrary; we never saw them more cheerful nor happy, so social, cordial and kind. It is certain that community of suffering in the late war has bound Southern men much more closely together, rendered them less selfish, and, according to their means, more ready to aid and assist each other. What we witnessed forcibly reminded us of the exclamation of King Lear, when driven out into a storm at night by his cruel daughters: "Take physic, pomp! Expose thyself to feel what wretches feel, That thou may'st shake the superflux to them, Or the same sentiment as Virgil put into the mouth of Dido, as she is welcoming Eneas after his shipwreck on her coast: "Non iguara mali, miseris succurrere disco." All whom I saw were not only cheerful but energetic and industrious, and busily engaged in rendering themselves comfortable. It was surprising to see how much they had done in a short time to effect this object. To repair their ruined fortunes must be left by the old and middle aged to another generation. Sufficient for the present that they shall be able to live in tolerable comfort. Yet in this cheerful and energetic society, the state of indebtedness, even to insolvency, is really appalling. It is well that the Suspension Act will give them time for two years to prepare for the coming ruin. Who is to buy the lands that must then be thrown into the market we know not. We heard of no land sales, and did not wonder at it, for who wants land without labor to work it? Still we hope that when we are fully restored to the Union, labor will come in, and capitalists find our lands a safe and improving investment. The system of tenantry that has grown up is found quite unprofit able to the landholder, and ruinous to the soil, the enclosures, and other improvements. Especially is this the case where lands, farming utensils and stock have been rented to negroes. always prefer white tenants; but they are scarce, and from necessity much land is rented to negroes. Landlords After the conclusion of the war, and until very recently, there was a large emigration of negroes to Washington and the Northern States. This emigration has ceased, although considerable numbers are still carried North under contracts as laborers. Besides, the Freedmen's Bureau is sending the orphans, or to speak more correctly, the negro children deserted by their parents, to the Northern cities, we suppose because they can be more cheaply provided for there. Husbands are very generally deserting their wives, and mothers very frequently their children. This supporting and educating (so called) negro orphans will daily become more expensive. Yet it is the best way to civilize the negroes; and we do not at all find fault with the mothers for turning over to the Government their infant children, for Government will provide for them better than could the negro mothers. We found that on the Rappahannock, where fish and oysters abounded, the negroes were returning from the North to live easily and indolently by fishing and oystering. There was not an Indian settlement in Virginia, when it was first discovered, more than a day's journey from an oyster bank. The negroes, if permitted, will, like the Indians, settle chiefly near the mouths of our tide-water rivers, by their thefts and various immoralities and crimes, drive off the white population, and thus become sole owners of the finest section of the country in Virginia, or perhaps in the world. There they may continue to live and multiply as savages; for savages they already are, when not governed, controlled and directed by white men. The negroes in and around Richmond, and in the counties which we have visited, are respectful, quiet and orderly in their deportment; but it is fear, and fear alone, that induces them thus to behave. We know that their feelings are bitter and revengeful, and that secretly-contrived murders upon the whites may any day occur. They demand farms and suffrage, and will never be quiet until they obtain them, or are exterminated or expelled in the forcible efforts to obtain them. The whites entertain no ill-feelings towards the negroes, but are resolved never to give up their farms to them, nor to grant them the right of suffrage. The prospects of continued peace between the races is not at all encouraging. There is The wheat crop we found generally very indifferent. quite a large area of land in cultivation in corn; but the yield will be small, because it will be indifferently and insufficiently tilled. The negroes, though well behaved, are idle and unreliable, and white farming labor is very scarce. ART. VIII.-JOURNAL OF THE WAR-ENTERED UP DAILY IN THE CONFEDERACY. REPRESENTING THE VIEWS AND OPINIONS WHICH OBTAINED AND THE CONDITIONS OF THINGS WHICH EXISTED AT THE DATE OF EACH DAY'S ENTRY, IN THE CONFEDERATE STATES OR IN PORTIONS OF THEM.-BY THE EDITOR.* TUESDAY, 6TH MAY, 1862. The indications are that a bold and heroic defense will be made whenever the enemy makes a demonstration upon Mobile, where this is written. There is news to day of the evacuation of Yorktown by our forces and the probable evacuation of Norfolk which produces the most depressing effects. The enemy's gunboats have effected this change of programme. Heavy rains prevent collision between the armies upon the Tennessee, but it may be expected at any moment. Bragg addresses the army at Corinth. Solliers: You are again about to encounter the mercenary invader who pollutes the sacred soil of our country. Severely punished by you, and driven from his chosen positions, with a loss of his artillery and his honor at Shiloh when double your numbers, he now approaches cautiously and timidly-unwilling to advance, unable to retreat. Could his rank and file enjoy a freeman's right, not one would remain within our limits; but they are goaded on under a tyrant's lash by desperate leaders, whose only safety lies in success. Such a foe ought never to conquer free men, battling on their own soil. You will conquer him in your chosen position, strong by nature and improved by art-away from his main support and reliance-gunboats and heavy batteries, and, for the first time in this war, with nearly equal numbers. The slight reverses we have met on the sea-board, have worked us good as well as evil;-the brave troops, so long retained there, have hastened to swell your numbers whilst the gallant Van Dorn and invincible Price, with the ever successful "army of the West," are now in your midst with numbers almost equalling the "army of Shiloh." We have then but to strike and destroy, and as the enemy's whole resources are concentrated here, we shall not only redeem Tennessee, Kentucky and Missouri at one blow, but open the portals of the whole North West. BRAXTON BRAGG, Gen'l Comd'g. 12th Corps. [Official.] Butler at New Orleans issues a despotic decree of the date May 1, of which the following are some of the provisions: Thrice before has the city of New Orleans been rescued from the hand of a foreign government, and still more calamitous domestic insurrection, by the money and arms of the United States. It has of late been under the military control of the rebel forces, claiming to be the peculiar friends of its citizens, and at each time, in the judgment of the commander of the military forces holding it, it has been necessary to preserve order and maintain quiet by the administration of law Martial. Even during the interim from its evacuation by the rebel soldiers, and its actual possession by the soldiers of the United States, the civil authorities of the city have found it necessary to call for the intervention of an armed body known as the "European Legion," to preserve public tranquillity. The Commanding General, therefore, will cause the city to be governed until the restoration of municipal authority, and his further orders by the law Martial, a measure for which it would seem the previous recital furnishes sufficient precedents. All persons in arms against the United States are required to surrender themselves, with their arms, equipments and munitions of war. The body known as the "European Legion," not being understood to be in arms against the United States, but organized to protect the lives and property of the citizens, are invited still to co-operate with the forces of the United States to that end, and, so acting, will not be included in the terms of this order, but will report to these headquarters. All flags, ensigns and devices, tending to uphold any authority whatever, save the The notes upon the Journal page 655, June number, the reader has discovered that the reference was to the battle of Manassas in paragraph No. 2, and to Shiloh in the ensuing paragraph, the manuscript having been disarranged. flag of the United States and the flags of foreign Consulates, must not be exhibited, but suppressed. The American ensign, the emblem of the United States, must be treated with the utmost deference and respect by all persons, uuder pain of severe punish ment. All persons well disposed toward the Government of the United States, who shall renew their oath of allegiance, will receive the safeguard and protection, in their persons and property, of the armies of the United States, the violation of which by any person, is punishable with death. All persons still holding allegiance to the Confederate States will be deemed rebels against the Government of the United States, and regarded and treated as enemies thereof. The killing of an American soldier by any disorderly person or mob, is simply assassination and murder, and not war, and will be so regarded and punished. The owner of any house or building in or trom which such murder shall be committed will be held responsible therefor, and the house liable to be destroyed by the military authority. The circulation of Confederate bonds, evidences of debt, except notes in the similitude of bank notes issued by the Confederate States, or scrip, or any trade in the same, is strictly forbidden." It having been represented to the Commanding General by the civil authorities that these Confedarate notes, in the form of bank notes, are, in a great measure, the only substitute for money which the people have been allowed to have, and that great distress would ensue among the poorer class if the circulation of such notes were suppressed, such circulation will be permitted, so long as any one may be inconsiderate enough to receive them, until further orders. WEDNESDAY AND THURSDAY.-On the Alabama River, the old and familiar spectacle of cotton descending the abrupt and precipitous heights is wanting. The river is very high which will favor the enemy, should his gunboats penetrate so far. At Cahawba took on board our steamer some of the Federal prisoners captured at Shiloh. FRIDAY.-The enemy's gunboats reported in front of the Forts at Mobile This is sooner than was expected. The people of Montgomery are greatly excited, and immense quantities of cotton are being taken from warehouses, and wagoned into the interior. Obstructions will be placed in the river. SATURDAY.-The fleet in front of Mobile has disappeared, having gone Westward. A fight is reported in progress at Corinth, and the success of our troops under Jackson, in Virginia. MONDAY, 12 MAY.-Reach Charleston. Norfolk is certainly evacuated, and our noble gunboat has been, as it is thought, needlessly and wantonly destroyed at the very moment when so much was expected from her. The name of the Merrimac (or Virginia) will be illustrious in history. Her career though short was glorious. TUESDAY.-One of the best steamers in the Confederate service at Charleston, was taken last night by the negroes and delivered to the fleet; she had some valuable cannon on board, which will be a serious loss. This extraordinary affair excites the city greatly? What can those expect who are capable of such unheard of neglect and carelessness? This occurs, too, whilst Martial law is in force in the city. WEDNESDAY.-The enemy's gunboats are nearly in sight of Richmond. According to recent experience, we shall hear in a day or two that the city has been surrendered or captured. Beauregard's report of the Battle of Shiloh is published. He gives our loss in killed, wounded and missing at over 10,000. The enemy's loss was at least 20,000. THURSDAY.-Thank God we breathe freer. The Federal gunboats were driven back in their advance upon Richmond, by the James' River, and at every hazard, and to the last extremity our Capital will be defended. FRIDAY.-Day of humiliation and prayer by order of the President. A successful skirmish by the army of the Tennessee is reported. Morgan's cavalry is much cut up and narrowly escapes capture. SATURDAY.-Families leave Charleston in large numbers, and the city will soon be reduced to very slim proportions. If necessary it will stand a bombardment. The people appear to be greatly depressed but determined. MONDAY.-The idea gains that Foreign intervention is not distant. The indications are from the North. Without such intervention it is difficult to see how this gigantic struggle can ever terminate. Neither side is likely to give way until utterly exhausted. We cannot succeed without it. TUESDAY.-Leave for Winnsboro, S. C., reach Columbia at 5 P. M. and Winnsboro at 9 P. M. Cars much crowded with refugees from Charleston, who are filling up all the interior villages. WEDNESDAY.-Winnsboro' has a population of some 200, and is rather an old, but healthy and pleasant village. News of a success over Millroy's army in Virginia, in which we gain greatly in arms, supplies, and provisions. The enemy's gunboats demand the surrender of Vicksburg, and the reply is that "Mississippians never surrender." The vandal Butler at New Orleans promises to treat the ladies as harlots who show contempt for his officers and men. It produces intense excitement among the troops at Corinth, many of them are from that city, and the effect will be to inspire the troops everywhere. THURSDAY AND FRIDAY.-Butler's order in regard to the ladies of New Orleans is published, it has scarcely a parallel in modern times for its brutal ferocity NOTICE-HEADQUARTERS DEPARTMENT OF THE GULF, NEW ORLEANS, May 15, 1862.General Orders No. 28.--As the officers and soldiers of the United States have been subject to repeated insults from the women, calling themselves ladies of New Orleans, in return for the most scrupulous non-interference and courtesy on our part, it is ordered that, hereafter, when any female shall, by word or gesture or movement, insult or show contempt for any officer or soldier of the United States, she shall be regarded and held liable to be treated as a woman of the town plying her avocation. By command of Major-General BUTLER. SATURDAY.-Private letters from Nashville furnish full particulars of the severity of Federal rule there, and of the undaunted firmness of the citizens. We escaped from there in February last with our family under cover of the night. SUNDAY AND MONDAY.-Heavy skirmishing reported within seven miles of Richmond. Enemy chagrined by the recent repulse of their gunboats on the James. WEDNESDAY.-News good from all quarters. Four steamers reach Charleston with supplies. Great victory in Virginia, as the telegraph tells us : STAUNTON, May 27.-Banks' army has been completely routed, and he is still flying in utter consternation, worse than Bull Run. Cannon, stores and provisions are still being captured by our forces. WINCHESTER, May 26.-Gen. S. Cooper Adjutant General: During the last three days God has blessed our arms with brilliant success. On Friday, the Federals at Front Royal were routed, and one section of artillery, in addition to many prisoners, has been captured. On Saturday, Banks' main column whilst retreating from Strasburg to Winchester, was pierced in the rear and a part of his forces retreated toward Strasburg. On Sunday, the other part was routed at this place. At last accounts, Brigadier-General George K. Stewart was pursuing them with cavalry and artillery, and capturing fugitives. A large amount of medicines, ordnances and other stores have fallen into our hands. Signed, J. JACKSON, Major-General Commanding. THURSDAY.-We have lost a steamer, (the Gordon,) running into Wilmington with arms, &c. No general action in Virginia, though the armies face each other. The same at Corinth. SATURDAY.-Visit South Carolina College, at Columbia. All the Students, but nine, are off for the war. The Confederate government has removed many of its Stores and Records to this point; and one of the lithographic printing establish ments is here. SUNDAY, June 1.-Reach Charlotte, N. C., at 2 A. M. Attend church. It is announced from the pulpit that we have had a great victory, at Richmond. |