ties. Let us accept as true, humane and Christian, what all the world says is so, and apply the lash of capital or debt to the negro, just as strenuously as it is applied elsewhere to the white laboring man. Then, and not till then, will the humanitarians of Faneuil Hall, and of Exeter Hall, believe our conversion to be sincere, and welcoine us into the ranks of genuine hard-working, practical philanthropists.

But the relation of debtor and creditor, arising from the ownership of material, tangible capital by the few, and the want of such capital by the many, will not of itself suffice to beget a high state of wealth, civilization, prosperity and progress.

As a driving power, intangible, immaterial, representative capital, such as paper money, government stock, bank stock, and credit or paper evidences of debt in their various forms, are far more efficient than material, tangible capital or property. It is easy to associate and combine representative or moneyed capital in large masses, and thereby to associate and combine large masses of labor for great works and undertakings. It is not the landholders and houseowners that build roads and canals, or that build cities and adorn the country with splendid public and private edifices; but the owners of representative, intangible capital, who must thus employ it or suffer it to remain idle. A large portion of this capital is now invested in National debt, and if that debt were repudiated, much of the power which now employs and propels labor would be lost. In such an event all business would stagnate, laborers become idlers, and society retrograde. The laboring poor pay all debts and taxes, because they are the only producers. The more heavily a country is indebted and the more heavily taxed (up to the repudiating or exploding point) the better, provided the debt is due at home; for the larger will be the profits of the creditor class, from the increased labor of the working classes. And these profits will not be expended in the erection of dirty, dingy cottages, such as the poor would build, if capitalists and governments allowed them to retain the profits of their own labor, but in great public and private works, that adorn, improve and strengthen a country and speed the car of human progress. No people need the propelling power of representative or moneyed capital so much as we of the South. We have little but our lands left, but if we can induce capitalists, mechanics, manufacturers, bankers, and skilled laborers of all kinds from the North to settle among us, they by their various new trades, pursuits and undertakings, would soon give a three-fold value to our lands. We are entirely sincere in our invitation, and do not invite common laborers, because they would have to associate and compete with the negroes. Of these negroes,

we have still a plenty not only for ourselves, but for our Northern friends who may settle among us. For common field and menial purposes, their labor is much cheaper, and quite as efficient as that of white working people.

National debt is nothing more, when analyzed, than private debt, under a sounding and imposing name. The debt is due to private individuals, the creditors of government, and government is their

agent to collect the interest, nominally, from the capitalists of the country, but really from the working classes, who pay all debts, because they create or produce all value. If all debt (up to the bursting point) be a blessing, then is a national debt a blessing;that is, if you leave out of consideration the well-being of the working classes and under the new lights that have beamed in upon us since we were honored by a membership in free, Christian, enlightened and humane society, we cannot but believe that the condition of the working classes, unless they be negro slaves, should never be taken into consideration by statesmen, philosophers, Christians, or philanthropists.

It was the votes of the Northern working people that brought on the late war. It was they who thereby knowingly and willfully incurred, our present enormous national debt. Surely, they should be made to pay it. It does not become us whose fields they ravaged, whose houses, villages, and cities they burned, whose men they murdered, whose women they insulted, and whose people they impoverished, to sympathize with them under their self-imposed burdens. In freeing the negroes, they have not enslaved themselves, but they have mortgaged or sold their limbs and their labor, for endless generations. They have learned how to bear heavy taxes, and taught their governments, state and federal, how to impose them. They never will be taxed less. They are not slaves, but debtors-born debtors, and such they and their posterity will ever remain. They have sold not their persons, but their labor. Their creditors, the capitalists, say that their labor is most valuable without their persons, and hence, "free labor is cheaper than slave labor."

We will not rest our theory that debt of every kind is a blessing on mere reasoning.

The people of Syria, Persia, Arabia, and of the whole Ottoman Empire, are of the white race, and naturally the equals of any of that race; but for want of national debt, taxation and private debt, Society stagnates and retrogrades, and the people have become half barbarous. Let governments impose heavy taxes, and divide society into debtor and creditor classes, as in New York, and Western Asia would soon become as prosperous, wealthy and enlightened as New York; for she is better situated, just on the lines of ancient trade, and of the earliest civilization. But put her in debt, and the creditor class would build up cities and other improvements superior to her renowned ones of ancient times.

Western Asia abounds with slaves; slaves of the white race, and superior in information and intelligence to their masters. These slaves are an aristocratic caste, who look down with contempt upon the poor free whites around them. The highest offices in the State are filled by them. Yet as a class they are as idle and as indolent as the Lazaroni of Naples. Even with domestic slavery, society stagnates and retrogrades where there is no national debt and little taxation.

Whilst, however, we think national debt a blessing, it is under

this condition and restriction," that the debt be due at home." If the national debt be due to foreigners, then its interest is annually or biennially abstracted from the debtor nation, and carried over to the creditor nation, to be invested in the erection of durable improvements in the creditor nation. This process, carried on for a century, must impoverish the debtor nation and enrich the creditor nation. Our national debt is a blessing so far as it is due to our own people, a curse in so far as it is owing to foreigners.

The poor or working classes are better off in New York or England than in Western Asia, because in those countries they get employment and wages, and all the employers cheat, tax, or exploit them of at least one-half the products or results of their labor; the half left to them is five times as much as the poor Western Asiatic gets, who is rarely employed at all.

ART. X.-THE INVITING FIELDS OF ARKANSAS.

THE State of Arkansas extends from 33 deg. to 36 deg. north latitude, and from 91 deg. to 94 deg. west longitude, and has an area of 53,000 square miles. Although admitted into the Federal Union in 1836, she still possesses many of the characteristics of a new State, and offers a rich field for the capitalist, the artisan, and the farmer especially, since the desolation of war has rendered productive industry unusually necessary and remunerative. The internal resources of the State can hardly be exaggerated. Eight rivers the St. Francis, Black, White, Arkansas, Saline, Bayou Bartholomew, Ouachita, and Red-all navigable, to a greater or less extent, and with numerous tributaries, themselves navigable at certain seasons, flow through it to the Mississippi, and contribute to a fertility and diversity of soil unsurpassed on the globe. But the testimony of thoroughly scientific men is probably better than our own, with regard to the quality of soil. The celebrated Dr. Peter, of Louisville, says that Arkansas may boast, amongst her river bottoms and in her cretaceous and lower silurian soils, of as fertile lands as any on the continent. Some of her soils are so rich in carbonate of lime, that they may be. classed as marls, rather than soils. Others contain so much Oxide of Iron, that they resemble in color, as probably in composition, the famous red soil of the Island of Cuba, on which the best cigar tobacco is raised. Others, again, may be employed as a cheap pigment for common painting, being of the nature of red ochre or Spanish brown; which are found to be amongst the best paints which can be used for the preservation of wood, &c., which is exposed to the weather."

The disposition, moreover, of the arable land of the State is eminently favorable to its its development. The great diversity of soil, to which allusion has already been made, the succession of hills and

valleys, the number of creeks and springs, the rivers traversing nearly every section of the State, and her great mountains, conspire to produce a diffusion of advantages that renders every county in the State desirable for settlement.

Within the limits proposed in this circular, it will be impossible to particularize to any considerable extent. Állusion, however, may be made in a general way to the productions of different localities. In Northern Arkansas all the grains, such as Wheat, Oats, Rye, Barley, and Corn, are grown with great success, and the Apple, the Pear, the Peach, the Quince, and the Grape, and all species of the Melon, thrive most abundantly. South of and along the Arkansas River, which cuts the State inton early two equal parts, from northwest to south-east, all these fruits are grown, equally as well, and others of a more tropical nature, such as the Fig and Apricot, are easily produced; and as for the variety and quality of Garden Vegetables, Arkansas stands unrivaled. Cotton is, nevertheless, the great staple of the State, and for years to come its cultivation will unquestionably be remunerative in a high degree. Her uplands produce from 800 to 1,200 pounds of seed cotton per acre. On the creek and river bottoms and other favorable localities from 1,500 to 2,000 pounds of seed cotton per acre arc easily produced. In the valleys of various streams, scattered here and there throughout the State, the walnut, pawpaw, elm, box elder, pecan, and other trees, that indicate a varied and fertile soil, thrive in great profusion. And passing along her larger rivers, observers are struck with the quantity and size of the timber growing upon their banks. In the southern portion of the State the forests of white oak are immense, from which, in former years, great quantities of staves were made and sent to the New Orleans market; and from this section came also the famous Cypress rafts that supplied with logs the mills of the Lower Mississippi. The timber on the uplands is abundant. It consists principally of the Black, White, Red, and Post Oaks, Hickory, Yellow Pine, Dogwood, and Maple, while along the margins of the little streams there may be seen the Walnut, Beech, Elm and Gum.

Arkansas has also medicinal springs of great value, especially the Hot Springs, in Hot Spring county, south-west of Little Rock. The latter possess, in fact, most remarkable qualities. Many of them have a temperature ranging at the fountain-head as high as 148 deg. Fahrenheit, surpassing the Warm Springs of Virginia in this respect. by 50 deg., and having a most potent effect in the cure of many diseases. Says the lamented Dr. David Dale Owen, late State Geologist: "In many forms, of chronic diseases especially, the effects of these Springs are truly astonishing. The copious diaphoresis which the hot-bath establishes, opens, in itself, a main channel for the expulsion of principles injurious to health, made manifest by its peculiar odor. A similar effect in a diminished degree is also effected by drinking the hot water, a common, indeed almost universal, practice among invalids at the Hot Springs.

"The impression produced by the hot douche, as above described, is indeed powerful, arousing into action sluggish and torpid secretions; the languid circulation is thus purified of morbific matters, and thereby renewed vigor and healthful action are given, both to the absorbents, lymphatics, and to the excretory apparatus, a combined effect, which no medicine is capable of accomplishing."

The mineral resources of Arkansas are also of undoubted superiority, and will richly repay investigation and development. Upon this subject, Dr. Owen again says: There are resources of

the State in ores of zinc, manganese, iron, lead and copper, marble, whet and hone-stones, rock crystal, paints, nitre-earths, kaolin, granite, freestone, limestone, marls, green sand, marly limestones, grindstones, and slate, which may well justify the assertion that Arkansas is destined to rank as one of the richest mineral States in the Union. Her zinc ores compare very favorably with those of Silesia, and her argentiferous galena far exceeds in per centage of silver the average ores of other countries. Her novaculite rock cannot be excelled in fineness of texture, beauty of color, and sharpness of grit.

"Her Crystal Mountains stand unrivaled for extent; and their products are equal in brilliancy and transparency to any in the world. Numerous iron regions have been discovered, many of which are well worthy the examination of the iron-master. Wide belts of country have been indicated where marble prevails. Sources have been pointed out where the best lime-stones can be procured, both for burning lime, making hydraulic cement, and for the improvement of land, as mineral fertilizers and physical ameliorators of the soil."

The State possesses, also, great advantages in her coal formations. The Illinois coal fields, covering parts of Indiana, of Western Kentucky, and of Illinois, throw out spurs into Arkansas. Coal has already, indeed, been found and surveyed in twelve counties of the State, and in those that are farthest from the great coal basin, which extends east of the Mississippi, a fact said by scientific men to be indicative of a superior quality of coal, for the reason, as stated by Dr. Owen, that the farther the spurs are removed from the centre of the coal basin, the more valuable becomes the coal, from the scarcity of the combustible material. Thus arises the great value of the coal strata of Western Arkansas, offering safe returns to capital, and inviting the construction of railroads, in a manner that will not long remain unheeded. Promising surface indications of petroleum bave likewise been discovered in the vicinity of Little Rock and elsewhere, and the " Arkansas Petroleum Company " has been projected, with the prospect of a complete organization within a reasonable length of time.

The climate of Arkansas may be designated as neither too cold in winter nor too warm in summer. In the shelter of the valleys in the northern and of the cane-breakers in the southern part of the State, stock not only survive, but keep in good condition the entire winter. The fierce northers experienced in Texas are wholly un