eastern coast. Several sedums are peculiar to the far west and the Pacific coast. About 125 species in all are enumerated, some being only of botanical interest, while several are prized in cultivation. One, under the name of S. carneum variegatum, is a popular garden plant; it is of low growth and has its small leaves edged with white; nothing is known of its origin, and it has not produced flowers.-The Japan sedum, S. spectabile (called in the catalogues S. Fabaria) is a fine species, 12 to 18 in. high, with rose-purple flowers in dense cymes, which are 6 in. across; it is especially valuable on account of blooming in September, when flowers of delicate tints are scarce. Another Japanese species is Siebold's sedum (S. Sieboldii), with slender stems, which soon become prostrate, and nearly round leaves in whorls of three, of a fine glaucous green; the terminal cymes of pink or purplish flowers open in October; there is a variegated form in which the leaves are distinctly marked with yellowish white; though perfectly hardy, both the plain and the variegated forms are seen to much better advantage if grown as house plants, in a hanging pot or a vase. The sedums are easily multiplied by dividing the clump or making cuttings of the stems.

Sedum Sieboldii.

SEEBACH, Marie, a German actress, born in Riga, Feb. 24, 1835. She is the daughter of an actor, and was educated at Cologne for the opera. After appearing in minor parts in Nuremberg and Cassel, chiefly in vaudevilles, she became celebrated by her personation of Margaret in Goethe's Faust and of Clärchen in Egmont in Hamburg, Munich, Vienna, and Hanover. She performed chiefly at Hanover from 1856 to 1865, when she and her husband, the tenor singer Albert Niemann, removed to Berlin. She was afterward divorced, and in 1870-'71 made a tour of the United States.

SEELAND (Dan. Sjælland), an island of Denmark, bounded N. by the Cattegat, separated E. by the Sound from Sweden, S. by the Baltic from the islands of Möen, Falster, and Laaland, and W. by the Great Belt and its continuations from Langeland, Fünen, and Samsö; length 81 m., greatest breadth 66 m.; area, 2,721 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 560,510. It is irregular in shape and much indented by arms of the Baltic, and in the north an arm of the Cattegat extends far into the interior. The surface is generally flat. The soil is an extremely fertile alluvium resting on beds of

mussel shells and corallines. The chief product is grain. Extensive forests once covered the island, but timber is now scarce. The climate is humid and milder than in other places in the same latitude. Frederiksborg, the new part of the city of Copenhagen, stands on this island, which together with Möen and Samso forms one of the main divisions of Denmark.

SEELEY, John Robert, an English author, born in London about 1834. He is the son of a London publisher. He graduated at Christ Church, Cambridge, of which he became a fellow in 1858, was for several years principal classical assistant at the city of London school, was appointed in 1863 professor of Latin in University college, London, and in 1869 was made professor of modern history at Cambridge. In 1865 he published anonymously "Ecce Homo: The Life and Work of Jesus Christ." He has also published "Classical Studies, as an Introduction to the Moral Sciences," a lecture (1864); "An English Primer, or Course of English Instruction for Schools," with E. A. Abbott (London, 1869; republished in Boston under the title "English Lessons for English People"); "Roman Imperialism" (Boston, 1869); "Lectures and Essays" (1870); and an edition of Livy.

SEEMANN, Berthold, a German naturalist, born in Hanover, Feb. 28, 1825, died in Nicaragua, Oct. 10, 1871. In 1846 he was appointed naturalist to an English expedition around the world, which returned to London in 1851. He explored the Feejee islands in 1860, and purchased a gold and silver mine in Nicaragua. His principal works are: "Narrative of the Voyage of H. M. S. Herald, and three Cruises to the Arctic Regions in search of Sir John Franklin" (London, 1852; German, 2 vols., Hanover, 1853); "Botanical Researches" (London, 1852-7); "Popular History of the Palms" (1856); "Viti, an Account of a Government Mission to the Vitian or Fijian Islands" (1862); and "Dottings of the Roadside" (1868).

SEGNERI, Paolo, an Italian orator, born at Nettuno in the Roman Campagna, March 21, 1624, died in Rome, Dec. 9, 1694. He early joined the order of Jesus, and labored as a missionary in Italy from 1665 to 1692, when he was appointed by Innocent XII. preacher to the papal court. His principal works are: a course of Lenten sermons entitled Il Quaresimale (fol., Florence, 1679; 4to, Rome, 1752; 3 vols. 8vo, Padua, 1826); Il Cristiano istruito (3 vols. 4to, Florence, 1686; French translation, 5 vols., Avignon, 1836); Il incredulo senza scusa (Florence, 1690); Panegirici sagri (Venice, 1692); and Prediche dette nel palazzo apostolico (4to, Rome, 1694). Complete editions were published at Venice (4 vols. 4to, 1712, 1758), Parma (3 vols. fol., 1714, with a life by Maffei), and Milan (3 vols. 8vo, 1837-'8).

SEGOVIA. I. A central province of Spain, in Old Castile, bordering on Valladolid, Burgos, Soria, Guadalajara, Madrid, and Ávila; area, 2,714 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 150,812.

SEGOVIA

The S. E. portion is mountainous, being bordered by the Guadarrama chain, and the remainder in general level. It is watered by the Eresma and several other tributaries of the Douro. Some fine marbles are quarried, besides large quantities of limestone, chalk, and granite. The climate is generally cold, and the soil is very fertile. The vine and other fruits are extensively cultivated. The mountainous region contains important pine forests and rich pastures. The manufactures, once flourishing, are now limited to cloth, glass, paper, and wines and brandies, on a small scale. II. A fortified city, capital of the province, on the Eresma, 43 m. N. W. of Madrid; pop. about 12,000. It stands on a rocky ridge, occupies two hills and a valley, and is surrounded by dilapidated walls with round towers and seven gates. The streets are tortuous and narrow, lined with lofty and generally antique houses. There are a Gothic cathedral, a handsome mint erected in the 15th century, and five old bridges; but Segovia is chiefly famous for its ancient alcázar or Moorish castle, used as the treasury building down to 1730, and since as a school of artillery;

The Alcázar of Segovia.

and for its magnificent aqueduct, attributed to Trajan, with 160 arches in double tiers, three of which are 100 ft. high. The woollen manufactures, once employing 30,000 hands, are now comparatively insignificant. Wool is the staple article of export.-Segovia was found

He

SEGUIN, Édouard, a French physician, born at Clamecy, department of Nièvre, Jan. 20, 1812. He was educated at the colleges of Auxerre and St. Louis in Paris, studied medicine and surgery, and devoted himself to the treatment of idiots. After the revolution of 1848 he settled in Ohio. In 1860 he revisited his native country, and has since lived in New York. Since 1866 he has done much for the study of animal heat by his publications, new instruments, and methods of thermography. represented the United States as commissioner on education at the Vienna exhibition in 1873. His works are: Résumé de ce que nous avons fait pendant quatorze mois, with Esquirol (Paris, 1839); Conseils à M. O. sur l'éducation de son enfant idiot (1839); Théorie et pratique de l'éducation des idiots (two parts, 1841-2); Hygiène et éducation (1843); Images graduées à l'usage des enfants arriérés et idiots (1846); Traitement moral, hygiène et éducation des idiots, et des autres enfants arriérés (1846), the standard authority on the subject; J. R. Péreire, analyse raisonnée de sa méthode (1847); Jacob Rodrigue Péreire, notice sur sa vie et ses travaux (1847); "Origin of the Treatment and Training of Idiots" (Hartford, 1856); "Idiocy, its Diagnosis and Treatment by the Physiological Method" (Albany, 1864); "Idiocy and its Treatment by the Physiological .Method" (New York, 1866); "New Facts and Remarks concerning Idiocy" (1870); "Prescription and Clinic Record" (1870); "Medical Thermometry," with C. A. Wunderlich (1871); "Clinical Charts" (1872); "Thermometry in the Family" (1872); "Manual of Thermometry for Mothers" (1873); Thermomètres physiologiques, &c. (Paris, 1873); Tableaux de thermométrie mathématiques (1873); and part of his report on education at Vienna (1875). (See IDIOCY.)

SEGUR. I. Philippe Henri, marquis de, a French soldier, born Jan. 20, 1724, died in Paris, Oct. 8, 1801. He distinguished himself in various battles in 1746-'7, was wounded, and lost an arm m; took an active part in the seven years' war, and was finally made prisoner at Clostercamp. In 1763 he was appointed inspector general of infantry, in 1780 minister of war, and in 1783 a marshal. He resigned his office in 1787. During the reign of terror he was imprisoned and lost all his property. Napoleon gave him in 1800 a pension of 4,000 francs. II. Louis Philippe, count, a French historian, son of the preceding, born in Paris, Dec. 10, 1753, died there, Aug. 27, 1830. He served under Rochambeau in America in 1782, was appointed ambassador to St. Petersburg in 1784, and was a favorite of Catharine II. He afterward became a brigadier general and ambassador to Berlin, and in 1812 a member of the senate. Under the first restoration he was

a peer, but he rejoined the emperor during the hundred days, and in vain sought to share his exile. His complete works (33 vols., 1824-30) are chiefly historical, but include plays which he wrote for the Russian empress, under the title Théâtre de l'Hermitage (2 vols., 1798), and his Mémoires, ou souvenirs et anecdotes (3 vols., 1824; English translation, Boston, 1825). III. Philippe Paul de, count, a French historian, son of the preceding, born in Paris, Nov. 4, 1780, died there, Feb. 25, 1873. He entered the army in 1800, became a favorite of Napoleon, who employed him on confidential missions, and for some time was a prisoner of war in Russia. In 1812 he accompanied the emperor in the Russian campaign as his aidede-camp; and in 1813 he was instrumental in saving the French army at Hanau. Under the first restoration he accepted a commission from Louis XVIII., but joined Napoleon during the hundred days, and was only nominally restored to his rank in 1818. In 1831 Louis Philippe appointed him lieutenant general and peer. His works include Histoire de Napoléon et de la grande armée pendant l'année 1812 (2 vols., 1824), which involved him in many controversies and in a duel with Gen. Gourgaud; Histoire de Russie et de Pierre le Grand (1829); and Histoire de Charles VIII. (2 vols., 1834; 2d ed., 1842; English translation, 2. vols., Philadelphia, 1842), a continuation of his father's Histoire de France.

SEIDLITZ POWDERS. See ROCHELLE SALT. SEIDLITZ WATER, the product of certain saline springs in Seidlitz or Sedlitz, a village of Bohemia near Bilin, used as an agreeable and effective aperient. The solid contents in a wine pint, according to Bergman, are 192.8 grains, consisting of sulphate of magnesia, 180 grains; sulphate of lime, 5; chloride of magnesium, 45; carbonate of magnesia, 2.5; carbonate of lime, 0-8. To prepare an artificial Seidlitz water, dissolve from 2 to 1 oz. of sulphate of magnesia in three times its weight of water, and, after filtering, introduce it into a bottle, to be filled with water charged with carbonic acid gas.

SEINE (anc. Sequana), a river of France, rising in the department of Côte-d'Or, on the slope of Mt. Tasselot, flowing first N. W., then W. S. W., and again N. W., through the departments of Aube, Seine-et-Marne, Seine-et-Oise, Seine, Eure, and Seine-Inférieure, and falling into the English channel between Havre and Honfleur. The direct distance from its source to its mouth is 250 m., but its windings make it nearly 500 m. long. It is navigable for large vessels to Rouen, and for small vessels 350 m. to Méry-sur-Seine. It is connected by canals with the Loire, the Saône and Rhône, the Somme and Scheldt, and the Ourcq. Its elevation at its source is about 1,500 ft. above the sea. At Paris its width is from 300 to 500 ft., and at its embouchure about 7 m. Its chief tributaries on the right are the Aube, Marne, and Oise, and on the left the Yonne,

Loing, Essonne, Eure, and Rille. The principal towns on its banks are Châtillon, Bar-surSeine, Troyes, Nogent, Melun, Paris, Poissy, Mantes, Rouen, and Havre.

SEINE, the metropolitan department of France, in the old province of Île-de-France, entirely enclosed by the department of Seineet-Oise; area, 183 sq. m.; pop. in 1872, 2,220,060. It is divided into the arrondissements of Paris, St. Denis, and Sceaux, the first of which is coterminous with the city of Paris. The surface is generally level. The Seine flows through the department very circuitously from S. E. to N. W., and the Marne joins it from the eastward. The most valuable mineral productions are excellent building stone and gypsum, producing plaster of Paris. The soil is fertile, and cultivated with great care. Capital, Paris.

SEINE-ET-MARNE, a N. department of France, in the old province of Île-de-France, bordering on the departments of Oise, Aisne, Marne, Aube, Yonne, Loiret, and Seine-et-Oise; area, 2,215 sq. m.; pop. in 1872, 341,490. The surface is undulating, and has many extensive plains. The Seine and the Marne flow through it. It contains sandstone, fine millstones, and potter's clay. The soil is rich and well cultivated. It is divided into the arrondissements of Melun, Meaux, Fontainebleau, Coulommiers, and Provins. Capital, Melun.

SEINE-ET-OISE, a N. department of France, in the old province of Ile-de-France, bordering on the departments of Oise, Seine-et-Marne, Loiret, Eure-et-Loir, and Eure, and enclosing the department of Seine; area, 2,164 sq. m.; pop. in 1872, 580,180. The surface is diversified, but there are no high hills. The Seine flows through it, and is here joined by the Oise from the northeast. Millstones, sandstone, paving stone, gypsum, chalk, and potters' clay are found; and there are sulphur springs. The soil is not naturally very fertile, but it is carefully cultivated. The manufactures include cloth, hosiery, paper, firearms, and Sèvres porcelain, the last, which is conducted by the government, being the most important. It is divided into the arrondissements of Versailles, Rambouillet, Corbeil, Mantes, Étampes, and Pontoise. Capital, Versailles.

SEINE-INFÉRIEURE, a N. W. department of France, in Normandy, bounded N. W. by the British channel, E. by the departments of Somme and Oise, and S. by Eure and the embouchure of the Seine; area, 2,330 sq. m.; pop. in 1872, 790,022. It has a generally low surface, the coast being skirted by chalk cliffs of no considerable elevation except near Fécamp, where they are about 700 ft. high, and it is traversed from E. to W. by a low offshoot of the Ardennes. It is watered by the Seine in the southern districts, and by the Bresle, Yères, and Arques in the northeastern. Cotton, linen, cloth, lace, silks, and watch and clock movements are manufactured, and there

SEISIN

are machine works and ship yards. It has important fisheries. It is divided into the arrondissements of Rouen, Havre, Dieppe, Yvetot, and Neufchâtel. Capital, Rouen.

SEISIN. See LIVERY OF SEISIN.

SEISTAN (anc. Sacastane, the country of the Sace), a province in the S. W. part of Afghanistan, with an adjoining part included in Persia. It is between lat. 30° and 32° N., and Ton. 61° and 63° E., in the lower basin of the river Helmund. The lake of Seistan, or Hamoon (in its S. W. part known as Lake Zurrah or Zirreh), into which flow the Helmund from the south, the Khash-rud from the east, and the Furrah-rud and the Harut from the north, is a low and swampy expanse from 15 to 30 m. wide, and nearly 200 m. long from N. to S., mainly between the 61st and 62d meridians. A great part of this depressed area, partly included in Persia and Beloochistan, is now dry, though subject to inundation. In the north, near lat. 31° 30', it is occupied by two shallow and reedy lakes, about 15 m. apart, each of which is also called Hamoon. Seistan proper is a well watered and fertile alluvial plain of sand and clay W. of the Helmund in the lower part of its northward course, bounded S. by the main irrigation canal, and N. and W. by the Hamoon; estimated area, 947 sq. m.; pop. about 45,000, of whom 20,000 are Seistanis, the purest type of Aryan Persians, and 10,000 nomadic Beloochees. The Afghans are few, but politically powerful. Wheat, barley, and melons are produced abundantly, with some cotton, peas, beans, and oil-seeds. Snow rarely falls, but the winters are windy and the mercury sinks to 5° F., rising above 90° in spring and summer. Traces of an elaborate civilization abound, and among the numerous ruins those of Zaranj, the ancient capital as the Arab writers call it, are the most celebrated. The principal existing towns are in the district watered by the main canal; among them is Sekuha, the modern capital. Outer Seistan is 30 m. wide, and extends from the mouth of the Helmund about 120 m. S. along the right or E. bank. It also includes a plain about 80 m. long and 40 m. broad, stretching southward from Seistan. proper. The only important town is Charkansur, S. of the Khash-rud, containing a fort and 150 houses. Seistan was in antiquity a part of Drangiana or Zarangia. It is believed that the Aria Palus of Ptolemy was the lake of Seistan. Some time before the Christian era it was overrun by Scythian hordes, of which the paramount tribe were the Sacæ, who gave their name to the country. The Scythians were overcome at the time of the Arab invasion, and Seistan afterward became a province of Persia. It now belongs mainly to Afghanistan. In 1871 an arbitration commission under Sir F. J. Goldsmid fixed the boundary so as to give Persia nearly all of Seistan proper. SEJANUS, Lucius Ælius, a Roman conspirator, born at Volsinii in Etruria, put to death A. D.

31. He was first attached to the interests of the infant Caius Cæsar (Caligula), the son of Germanicus, but shortly after the accession of Tiberius was appointed to the command of the prætorian guard in conjunction with his father, Seius Strabo, who had held the post under Augustus; and when his father became governor of Egypt, the sole command of the prætorian cohort devolved upon Sejanus. As his popularity with the guard increased he aspired to the imperial power. To remove Drusus, the heir of Tiberius, he caused his wife Livia or Livilla to poison him, promising to marry her afterward. He procured the banishment of Nero and Drusus, the sons of Germanicus, and of their mother Agrippina. His wife Apicata had been divorced soon after the death of Drusus, but Tiberius refused to consent to his marriage with Livia. In 26 he induced Tiberius to reside permanently in the island of Capræa, and give himself up to a life of sensual pleasure, and for nearly five years Sejanus acted and was recognized as the representative of the emperor. He was about to hasten the development of his plan when Tiberius, being informed of it, gave the command of the prætorian guard to Nervius Sertorius Macro, and had the death of Sejanus decreed by the senate. He was strangled, and his body was torn to pieces by the populace.

SÉJOUR, Victor, a French dramatist, born in Paris in 1816, died there, Sept. 20, 1874. His first drama, Diégarais, was performed at the Théâtre Français in 1844, and he wrote plays for the Porte Saint-Martin, Odéon, Ambigu, and Gaîté theatres, including Richard III. (1852), Les noces vénitiennes (1855), André Gérard (for Lemaitre's farewell performances, 1857), and Les fils de Charles Quint (1864).

SELACHIANS (Gr. oéλaxos, a cartilaginous fish), a name applied from Aristotle to the present day to the families of cartilaginous fishes with fixed branchiæ, comprising the rays and sharks, also called plagiostomes. (See PLAGIOSTOMES.) SELBORNE, Lord. See PALMER, ROUNDELL. SELDEN, John, an English author, born at Salvington, Sussex, Dec. 16, 1584, died in London, Nov. 30, 1654. He was educated at Oxford, was called to the bar, and became known

as

"the great dictator of learning of the English nation." He was a member of Ben Jonson's Literary club. His earliest work, the Analecton Anglo-Britannicon (1615), was written in 1606. He also published "England's Epinomis," Jani Anglorum Facies Altera, and "The Duel or Single Combat" (1610), law treatises; "Titles of Honor " (1614); De Diis Syris (1617); and "History of Tithes" (1618). In the last named work he denied the divine right of the clergy to receive tithes, and was obliged to make a public acknowledgment of his regret at having promulgated his opinions, which however he was careful not to retract. In 1621 he underwent a brief imprisonment for advising the commons to insist upon certain privileges in dispute between themselves and