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lives so valuable, in order that Spain may not be without a king, the nation will make use of their elective right in favour of the Archduke Charles, as nephew of Charles III. in case that the Prince of Sicily, or the Infant Don Pedro, and the other heirs should not be able to concur. 3. That should the French army commit any robberies, devastation, and murders, either in Madrid or any other town, invaded by the French troops, they shall be considered as guilty of high treason, and no quarter shall be given to any of them. 4. That all the transactions which have hitherto taken place, shall be considered as legal,void,and extorted by violence, which is known to be practised in both places. 5 That what may hereafter be done in Bayonne, shall also be considered as null and void; and all who shall take an active part in the like transactions, shall be deemed traitors to their country. 6. That all deserters of the French army who shall present themselves, shail, be admitted in Arragon, and treated with that generosity which forms a prominent feature of the Spanish national Character; they shall be disarmed and conducted to this capital, where they may enist in our troops. 7. All other provinces and kingdoms of Spain, not yet invaded by enemy, are invited to meet by deputies at Termal, or any other suitable place, to noinate a lieutenant-general, whose orders shall be obeyed by the particular chiefs of the different kingdoms. 8. The foregoing manifesto shall be printed and published in the whole kingdom of Arragon; and it shall also be circulated in the capitals and principal places of all the provinces and kingdoms of Spain. Given in the head-quarters at Saraossa, the 31st May, 1808.-PALAFOX, Goernor and Captain General of the Kingdom Arragon.

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ASTURIA.

Loyal Asturians! beloved countrymen ! our first wishes are already fulfilled. The rincipality, discharging those duties which re most sacred to men, has already foraily declared war against France. You hay perhaps dread, this vigorous resolution. But what other measure could or ought we adopt? Shall there be found one single an among us, who prefers the vile and gnominions death of slaves to the glory of ing on the field of honour, with arms in is hand, defending our unfortunate moarch, our homes, our children, and our ives? If the very moment, when those ands of banditti were receiving the kindest ffices and favours from the inhabitants of ar capital, they murdered in cold blood pwards of two thousand people, for no

other reason, than their having defended their insulted brethren, what could we expect from them, had we submitted to their dominion ? Their perfidious conduct to-. wards our king and his whole family, whom they deceived and decoyed into France under the promise of an eternal armistice, in order to chain them all, has no precedent in history. Their conduct towards the whole nation, is more iniquitous than we had the right to expect from a horde of Hottentots. They have profaned our temples; they have insulted our religion; they have assailed our wives; in fine, they have broken all their promises, and there exists no right which they have not violated. To arms, Asturians, to arms! let us not forget, that Asturias at the time of another invasion, which undoubtedly was less unjust, restored the mo- . narchy. Let us aspire to the same glory on the present occasion. Let us recollect that no foreign nation could ever lord it over us, whatever exertion it may have made for that purpose. Let us offer up our prayers to the God of Hosts. Let us implore the intercession of our Lady of Battles, whose image is worshipped in the most antient temple of Covadonga; and perfectly sure that she cannot forsake us in so just a cause, let us rush upon our detestable enemy, and annihilate and drive out of our peninsula, a people so base and treacherous. This demand is addressed to you in the name of your representatives, by the procurator general of the principality.-ALVARO FLOREZ Estauda.} OVIEDO.

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The council general of the principality must not lose a moment to publish the following letter which has just been received from their king, Ferdinand the VII. and the authenticity of which is ascertained by one of the members of the council, who possesses the most unquestionable knowledge thereof. On the first cover is the superscription"To the royal assemblage of Oviedo." The second is superscribed" To the chief of arms of Asturias."" Noble Asturians. I am surrounded on all sides, and a victim of perfidy. You saved Spain under worse circumstances than the present. Being now prisoner, I demand not from you the crown, but I require, that, concerting a well digested plan with the neighbouring provinces, you do assert your liberty, and not submit to a foreign yoke, nor subject your selves to the treacherous enemy, who despoils of his rights your unfortunate→→→ PRINCE FERDINAND. Bayonnne, May 8th, 1808."-To expressions so energetic and impressive the council ought not to add any observation; but with the most poig

nant grief they mingle their tears with those of all their beloved and faithful countrymen, to whom the letter is communicated.

JUAN DE ARGUEKER TORAL, Act. Secretary. GALICIA.

Brave Spaniards,-The abdication of his. kingdom by our Sovereign Ferdinand VII. officially communicated to us, is the most striking proof of the violence he suffers. He thereby manifests to us his want of liberty and power, and the grief he feels on being compelled, by despotism and tyranny, to separate himself from his subjects; he implicitly demands our assistance. It is intended to substitute in his place a haughty and perfidious conqueror, who meditates the effusion of your blood, to satiate his sanguinary appetite and his boundless ambition, as he has hitherto profusely shed the blood of the noble, brave and loyal French nation. He means to drag, by main force, the most illustrious Spanish youths, whither the good faith of our monarch has already sent a great part of them, without any other object than to aggrandize. a man, for whom the world does not appear to be sufficiently extensive, and who gluts on human blood. The reward of that generous act, has been a perfidious conduct, unprecedented in the annals of civilized nations. The stratagems, the frauds, the treacheries, are notorious, which Napoleon has employed to introduce, in the quality of an intimate ally and a faithful friend, his troops to our very capital, and makes himself master of the fortresses on our frontiers; to harass the feelings of our monarch; to cause disturbances among the people; to rob us of our king, princes, and infanto, and to controul with an iron hand the deliberation of our government, which, without liberty, gives orders which it abhors, ruled as they are by a foreign regent and intruder. This scandalous conduct, and that which he has committed with regard to Etruria, and our neighbours the Portuguese, point out to us the degree of fidelity and faith which we may expect from the high sounding promises with which he means to cloak his inalignant designs, treating us as a people at once insensible and dastardly!Shall a cultivated, brave, and generous nation, bend its neck under the yoke of perfidy? Shall it allow itself to be insulted by injuries the most perfidious, immoral, and disgraceful, committed in the face of the whole world; and submit to the most humiliating slavery prepared for it? No, noble Galicians, such are not the dictates of your noble minds. Glowing with the most virtuous ardour and noblest enthusiasm, you. have already expressed your sentiments,

worthy of the praise and imitation of all Spaniards. You'rather wish to die, than to see your independence trampled under foot, your religion destroyed, your king in, captivity, and your country threatened with a yoke equally burthensome, and unjust. Quicken the generous sentiments of your noble minds. Fly to arms, not like that monster, to indulge an inordinate ambition; not like him, to violate the rights of huma nity and the law of nations; not to render us odious to mankind; not to offend, generous and friendly nation, ruled by i monster already become insufferable upon earth-Fly to arms, to assist your countrymen; to rescue your king from captivity; to restore to our government liberty, ener gy, and vigour; to preserve your lives and those of your children; to maintain the uncontrouled right of enjoying and disposing of your property; to assert the independence. of your native soil; and, above all, to de fend your sacred religion. Employ the arms which she tenders; arm your minds with the fear of God; implore the aid of the immaculate conception, and of the glorious Apostle St. Jacob, our patron; and confident of success in so glorious a cause, rush forth to grasp the victory which is prepared for you by their intercession, and the justice of your cause. Aud ve, corporations and pri vate individuals, who, from your situation and circumstances, cannot take up arms, assist your brethren with your property and fortunes, You are concerned more than any other subject in this demands sacrifice spontaneously part of your property, that you may not be deprived of the whole-by violence. Do not delay that sacrifice și moment, if you wish that by the prompt execution of a well combined plan, the fury of an enemy be checked, who is aceristomed at all times to act with the rapidity of lightning. Divest yourselves of all private views, and hesitate not for otherwise you yourselves, your wives, children, and tanilies, will become the victims of the most inveterate revenge.-DON MANUAL ACHA, Sec.

PRECAUTIONS,

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Which it will be proper to observe throughout the different Provinces of Spain, in the necessity to which they have been driven by the French, of resisting the unjust and violent possession which their Armies are endeavouring to take of the Kingdom.

We cannot doubt a moment of the exertions which the united provinces of Spain would make to obstruct and defeat the malicious designs of the French, and

that they will sacrifice even their lives on 1 this occasion, the most important, and even unparalleled in the history of the nation, both in the thing itself, and in the horrible means of ingratitude and perfidy by which the French have undertaken, pursued, and are still endeavouring to effect our slavery :1. Let the first object be to avoid all general actions, and to convince ourselves of the very great hazards, without any advantage, or even the hope of it, to which they would expose us. The reasons of this resolution are many, and such as any one will discover who bas the use of his understanding.-2. A war of partisans is the system which sits us; the embarrassing and wasting the enemy's armies by want of provisions, destroying bridges, throwing up entrenchments in proper situations, and other similar means. The situation of Spain, its many mountains, and the passes which they present, its rivers and torrents, and even the colloca tion of its provinces, invite us to carry on this species of warfare successfully.-3. It is indispensible that each province should have its general, of known talents, and of such experience as our situation permits, that his heroic loyalty should inspire the utmost confidence, and that every general should have under his command officers of merit, particularly of artillery and engineers.be of singulat advantage in such a design,

them in flank and rear, and not to leave them a moment of repose. The courage of these inhabitants, is well known, and they will eagerly embrace such enterprizes if they are led as they should be." In the succession war the enemy entered twice into the interior of the kingdom, and even as far as its capital, and this was the cause of defeat, their entire ruin, and their utter failure of success.-7. The generalissimos of the North and East will block up the entrances to the provinces under their com mand, and come to the assistance of any one that may be attacked by the enemy, to prevent as much as possible all pillage, and preserve its inhabitants from the desolation of war; the many mountains and defiles which are on the confines of these provinces being favourable to such projects ---8. The destination of the general of Navarre, Biscay and the rest of this department is the most important of all, in which he will be assisted by the generals of the North and East with the troops and other succours which he stands in need of. His whole business must be to shut the entrance of Spain against fresh French troops; and to harrass and destroy the that return from Spain to France by this print. The very rugged local situation of lese provinces will

4. As a combined union of plans is the foul of every well concerted enterprize, and that which alone can promise and facilitate a successful issue, it appears indispensible that there should be three generalissimos, who should act in concert with each other -one who should command in the four tings of Andalusia, in Murcia, and Lower EstPámadura another in Galicia, Upper Estramadura, Old and New Castile, and Leo-another in Valencia, Arragon, and Catalonia a person of the greatest credit being appointed to Navarre, the Biscayan Provinces, Montanus, Asturias, Rinja, and the North of Old Castile, for the purposes which will be mentioned hereafter. 5. Each of these generals and general.. issimos will form an army of veterans, troops and peasantry united, and put himtelf in a situation to undertake enterprises, and to succour the most exposed points, keeping up always frequent communication with the other generalissimos, in order that all may act by common accord, and assist one another.-6. Madrid and La Mancha require an especial general, to concert and execute the enterprizes which their particular local situation demands-his only object must be to embarrass the enemy's armies, to take away or cut off their provisions, to attack

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and these enterprises, if well concerted and carried into execution, will no doubt be. successful and the same may be understood of the different points by which the French troops which are in Portugal may come into Spain, or by which French troops may enter through Rolissillon into Catalana, for there is not much to be apprehended for Arragon. And, even from Portugal, it is not thought that they will escapo, on account of the proclamations which have been circulated in that kingdom, and the hatred which they before bore to the French being encreased without measure by the innumerable evils which they have been made to suffer, and the cruel oppression in which they are held by them.-9. At the same time it would be very proper that the generalissimo should publish and circulate frequent proclamations amongst the people, and rouse their courage and loyalty, shewing them that they have every thing to fear from the horrible perfidy with which the French have dealt with all Spain, and even with their king Ferdinand VII. and that if they rule over us all is lost, kings, monarchy, property, liberty, independence, and religion; and that therefore it is necessary to sacrifice our lives and property in defence of the king, and of the country, and though our lot (which we

hope will never come to pass) should destine us to become slaves, let us become so fighting and dying like gallant men, not giving up ourselves basely to the yoke like sheep, as the late infamous government would have done, and fixing upon Spain and her slavery eternal ignominy and disgrace. France has never domineered over us, nor set her foot in our territory. We have many times mastered her, not by deceit, but by force of arms; we have made her kings prisoners, and we have made the nation tremble-we are the same Spaniards; and France, and Europe, and the world shall see, that we are not less gallant, nor less brave than the most glorious of our ancestors. -10. All persons of education in the provinces should be stimulated to frame, print, and publish frequent short discourses, in order to preserve the public opinion, and the ardour of the nation, confuting at the same time the infamous diaries of Madrid, which the baseness of the late government has permitted, and still permits to be pubfished in Madrid itself, and has caused to be circulated abroad, detecting their falsehoods and continual contradictions; let them cover with shame the miserable authors of these diaries, and sometimes extend their remarks to those Charlatans, the French Gazeteers, and even to their Moniteur: and let them display and publish to Spain, to all Europe, their horrible falsehoods and venal praises, for they afford abundant matter for such a work. Let all such perverted minds tremble at Spain, and let France know that Spaniards have thoroughly penetrated their designs, and therefore it is that they justly detest and abominate them, and that they will sooner lay down their lives than submit to their iniquitous and barbarous yoke.→ 11. Care shall be taken to explain to the nation, and to convince them, that when freed, as we trust to be, from this civil war, to which the French have forced us, and when placed in a state of tranquillity, our lord and king Ferdinand VII. being restored to the throne, under him and by him the Cortes will be assembled, abuses reformed, and such laws shall be enacted as the circumstances of the time and experience may dictate for the public good, and happiness. Things which we Spaniards know how to do, which we have done as well as other nations, without any necessity that the vile French should come to instruct us, and, #ccording to their custom, under the mask of friendship, and wishes

destroy our holy religion, as they have hi therto done, and will always continue to d so long as the spirit of perfidy and ambition which oppresses and tyrannises over then shall endure." JUAN BAUTISTA PARDO Secretary." By Order of the Supreme Junta

LEON.

When we behold the great and noble re sistance which is at this moment opposed by the provinces of Galicia and Asturias, to the projects of the basest and most execrable o tyrants, it is impossible to believe but tha they must be seconded by all, who, lik themselves, have a sovereign to avenge sacred rights, and a country to defend. Still should any be restrained by fear; should an fail to concur in the sentiment which call them to arms against an unprincipled op pressor, it will sufficiently determine ther if we recal to their memory what Spain owe to the virtues, to the courage, to the he roism of Pelage, to the valour and to th patriotism of Rodrigue Diare de BivarThese two great men, one from the pro vince of Asturias, the other from that Castile, were called forth at different epo chas, but both equally difficult, each to pre serve our country from a foreign yoke. 1 their characters, and to the sentiments enthusiasm which they excited in ever breast, does Spain owe the glory and th happiness which she has so long enjoyed.Should the government of Asturias discore that any part of the inhabitants take u arms coldly or indifferently in the defence the country, let it address to them those ser timents which the immortal Pelage addresse to the citizens, to his brave companions i arms, when a formidable and cruel enem wished to subjugate them to his power :"It is no longer time to deliberate," sa this virtuous and courageous Spaniard, und circumstances nearly resembling the presen "the nature of our cause, the situation our affairs, and those of the enemy, requi promptitude and activity, and that we shou not waste our time in useless deliberatio We arm to re-establish our altars, our re gion, our glories, the liberty of our childre of our friends, of our country ! to place safety the honour and chastity of our wive to rid ourselves of the yoke of a conquer base as he is cruel, who has covered himse with our spoils, and under whose dre dominion our lives coeld Hot boast the sec rity of a momentelt ever opportunity c curred to tempt a most glorious enterpris

according to the our happiness, this is the moments-thiş moment in Whi

should contrive, for this alone they are contriving to plunder us, to violate our women, to assassinate us, to deprive us of our liberty, our laws, and our king, to scoff at and

we are assembled, united, bound togeth by a chain of interest, which equally co cerns all! Inhabitants of the mountains, a ye of the vallies! Hear our determinati

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been saved. What has not hitherto been done, may yet be achieved; but for that purpose there must be unanimity among principals, and a reunion, wisely combined, of all our forces and of all our means -Without this concurrence to retain our country's welfare, without the most resolute courage to drive from her bosom a cruel and perfidious enemy, like an enslaved people, we shall lose our fleet, our arsenals; our army will be disbanded or sent into Germany, our militia disarmed, our clergy despoiled and destroyed, our churches, pillaged, our altars profaned, the lands of our grandees confiscated, our commerce ruined, our pos sessions beyond sea no longer belonging to our capital; the kingdom drained by enormous contributions; Spain, in short, happy and free under her kings, will be reduced to the most frightful slavery.To avoid calamities so dreadful, one only resource remains to us. It is to rally round the standard which the provinces of Galicia and of

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to arm, and join yourselves to us. Those even, whom the love of tranquillity hath hitherto deceived, and still retained among the Moors, I now behold ready to break their fetters, and join those who hasten to accomplish the great purpose of their struggle. The Moors in short are occupied with great projects; but for us, necessity snould put an end to indecision, we have taken the first step, there is no longer time to retract; already they march against us; while we hesitate to place ourselves in a disposition to drive the enemy from our mountains, we shall be surrounded, we shall have no escape, and we are too great in number to subsist upon the stinted produce of bare and sterile rocks.-Come on then !-God, whose cause we support against the enemies of his name, will fight for us while we fight for him, and the hand which has punished us because we have forgotten him, will fortify our arms in a war undertaken for the Fonour of his glory! Let us put our confidence in the invincible strength of the Al-Asturias have raised, in defence of religion, mighty! I will lead you to battle; I will of justice and of honour. Children of our ever be the first, and will require of you no- country we will be worthy of ourselves; thing but that of which I will set you an let us perpetuate the glory with which o xample."―This harangue, so suitable to the ancestors are covered: great, like them, let occasion, produced then the same effect as us think no sacrifices too much, when we it will produce to-day. At the voice of Pehave our liberties to preserve, the n lage, all the Asturians took up arms, each of our parents, or our friends, to to revenge, of them performed prodigies of valour; Can- our wives and children to defend. If, to the tabria and Galicia severally sent deputies, shame of the Spanish nation, there have paying to be admitted into the confedera- been found men, such enemies to themselves tion of Asturias they were received, their and to their country, as to hasten to the feet means united, and the Moors were conquer- of the tyrant, and prostitute before him their ed-Three hundred and thirty-nine years existence and their rights, let us nevertheless afterwards, Spain had another defender; hope, that the chiefs of the Spanish league this was Rodrigue Diare de Bivar, a fierce will not like Pelage, have to guard against and Boble Castilian of the city of Burgos. designs such as those of the archbishop of This virtuous citizen and gallant warrior, Seville, who was base enough to betray his burning with desire to secure the liberty of faith, his God, his king, and his country. his country, did not hesitate to remonstrate Let us endeavour to believe, that the great with, animationtin ay commeil where the and laudable example which the bishop of king of Castile himself presided. He said he Oviedo and of Compostella have afforded, was ashamed to deliberate upon the preten- shall be followed, not only by all those in the nons of the emperoy Henry II; that the in- kingdom, but likewise by every member of dependence of Spain was established above our respectable clergy, secular and regular, all titles! that base. Spaniards alone could who, alike interested as the ministers of readmit of its being compromised that it ligion, and as good citizens, to punish crime, should be upheld even at the expence of life, to accelerate the triumph of virtue, and to and that he would declare hiruself the enemy preserve Spain from the disgrace and oppresof that man who should advise the king to sion of a foreign yoke !-Signed by the memarnish its lustrad If the Prince of Peace,bers of the council at Leon, May 17th, instead of betraying his sovereign and bis country, had had the foresight, the loyalty, ADDRESS TO THE FRENCH, the anergy of tho two great men we have cited, the pretensions of Buonaparte, like those of Henry, would have been received, with indignation boldAs the Moors were, under Philip, so the French would have been expelled, and Spain would have

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FRENCHMEN-You possess no longer either laws or liberty, nor any good whatever; with streams of blood shed by yourselves and your children, you have been compelled to enslave Europe. A family, not French, reigns over you and several European na

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