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obeying their sovereign, the persons who composed his noble goards, and some other officers, have been imprisoned.-To relicve the innocent, the holy father requires and claims their liberation, which he has hither to demanded to no purpose, and which at present he claims again.-The undersigned having faithtully performed the orders of his holiness, has the opportunity of renewing to your illustrious lordship the assurance, &c.

CARDINAL GABRIELL'.-To M. Lefebvre, French Chargé d'Affaires.

No. VIII-Copy of a Note from his Er cellency M. de Champagne, to his Excellency Cardinal Caprara.

The undersigned minister for foreign affairs of his majesty the emperor of the French, king of Italy, has laid before his majesty the note of Cardinal Caprara, to which he is commanded to return the fol lowing answer :-The emperor cannot recognize the principle, that the prelates are not the subjects of the sovereign, under whose authority they are born. As to the second question, the proposal of his majesty is, and from which he will never depart, that all Italy, Rome, Naples, and Milan, shall enter into an offensive and defensive treaty, for the purpose of removing from the peninsula commotions and hostilities.If the holy father accede to this proposal, every thing is settled. If he refuse it, he announces by such a determination that he wishes for no arrangement, no peace with the emperor, and that he is at war with him. The first consequence of war is conquest, and the result of conquest is change of government: for if the emperor is under the necessity of going to war with Rome, is he not also under the necessity of conquering it, of changing the government, of establishing another which shall make common cause against the common enemy with the kingdom of Naples? What other guarantee could he have for the tranquillity and security of Italy, if these two kingdoms were separated by a state, in which their enemies would be certain of meeting a cordial reception.-These alterations, become necessary if the holy father persists in his refusal, will take away from him none of his spiritual rights. He will continue bishop of Rome, as his predecessors were during the eight first ages, and under Charlemagne.

It will, however, be a subject of grief to his majesty, to see the work of genius, of political wisdom, and of understanding, destroyed by imprudence, obstinacy, and blindness.-At the very moment that the undersigned received or

ders to return this answer to Cardinal Caprara, he received the note of the 30th of March, which his eminence did him the honour of writing to him. This note has two objects in view; the first to announce the cessation of the powers of the legate of the holy chair, to notify it against the ordinary forms and usages at the eve of holy week, at a time when the court of Rome, if it were still animated by a true evangelical spirit, would feel it its duty to multiply spiritual succours, and to preach, by its example, union amongst the faithful. But be it as it may, the holy father having with drawn his powers from his eminence, the emperor no longer acknowledges him as legate. The French church resumes the full integrity of its doctrine. Its knowledge, its picty will continue to preserve in France the Catholic religion, which the emperor will always consider it his glory to defend, and cause to be respected-The second object of the note of his excellency Cardinal Caprara, is to demand his passports as ambassador. The undersigned has the honour to enclose them. His majesty sees with regret this formal demand of passports, which the practice of modern times regards as a real declaration of war. Rome is then at war with France, and in this state of affairs, his majesty is obliged to isste the orders which the tranquillity of Italy rendered necessary.-The resolution to produce this rupture has been chosen by the court of Rome at a time when it believes į that its arms are powerful enough to shew that it may have recourse to other extremi tiess, bet their effects will be checked by the illumination of the age. Temporal and spiritual authority are no longer confounded. The royal dignity consecrated by God himself is above any attack.-The undersigned wishes that the observations which he is ordered to transmit to Cardinal Caprara may induce his holiness to accede to the proposal of his majesty. He has the honour to renew to his excellency the assurances of his highest consideration -CHAMPAGNYParis, April 3, 1808.

PORTUGAL. Proclamation of the Magis trate representing the People of Oporto, termed the Judge of the People.

People of Porto, noble subjects of an inimitable prince, and brave restorers of his legitimate rights:--On the 4th inst. (July), you elected me (by the votes of the representatives of the corporations) representative magistrate of the people of this noble and august city. After accusing you of a misplaced

election, and imploring heaven to assist me in the faithful discharge of my duty, I crave your attention to what I am going to say. — You, on the 18th of June, performed a deed, which, when inserted in the history of our country, will, perhaps, stimulate jealousy among the ashes of those heroes who have bled for it; you have performed a miracle, permit me the expression, for to die is but natural, and the act of bringing to resurrection is an attribute of supreme divinity; and the name of our august and Amiable prince having been destroyed by the treachery of a tyrant, who substituted his own name, ordering before our eyes the commission of the most sacrilegious and most horrid of all atrocious crimes, I mean the demolition of the sacred painting, which brings to our memory the five fountains which issued on the heights of Mount Calvary, to cleanse and wash the sins of the world; I mean the five wounds of our Redeemer, offered on the plains of Ourique to our first king, as emblems of honour to be blazoned on the standards; you brought every thing to resurrection on the said day of the 18th, as on this very day the name of our sovereign appears mounted high over the name of Napoleon, picturing to our imagination a true representation of the archangel St. Michael, and on this same day, ever memorable, from all parts rise in tantaneously the arms of the royal house of Eraganza displaying greater brilliancy than those thousand shields which are suspended from the tower of David! But what do I say? A miracle! My thoughts have misled me, the name of our angust never died among us; it always retained its life, though sacredly preserved in our bosoms, where our hearts paid and devoted to him the most humble adorations; and if, by an intrusive and treacherous exaction, we rendered any vassalage to that monster of iniquities, to that man called emperor of the French, it was the effect only of a refined hypocrisy. Have we not brought to resurrection the army of Braganza, which, although they were demolished in the edifices, always existed untouched in the image of Jesus Christ, painted with his most precious blood? Yes; what we have done with the permission of heaven, has been the natural result of the Portuguese bravery and valour solely confined by the orders given to us by our august on the eve of his departure-not entirely conscious of the perfidy of the tyrant, we know the treachery of Buonaparte, marked under the cloaks of friendship; we know him to be the chief of the numerous banditti spread

over Europe; we know finally that he was an individual, without faith, belief, or religion, and this prompted us to see the opportunity approaching, when we might teach that villain what is Portuguese valour, inherited from those who subdued great part of the universe, displaying their standards on almost the last barriers of the world; and this made us on the glorious 18th declare our independence, and, proclaim in loud voices, which reached heaven, the august name of our Don John VI. prince regent of Portugal; it was on this account that I saw ye, loved countrymen, like men converted into wild beasts, running towards the plain of St. Ovid, there to wait for the enemy resembling hungry wolves who run towards lambs, Your hunger is not satiated, your rage increases, and you protest you will feed on the blood of that portion of Frenchmen who infest august Lisbon; finally, nobody can repress you! Ah! what heroic traits of valour glow in the hearts of the Portonians, and what adinirable examples of fidelity will they not leave to posterity! Continue then, my beloved countrymen; let the consummation of the glory of Porto be perfect. But hear me for a while, do not allow that glory to be tarnished or diminished by any action that your overleaping rage may dictate to you without reflection;-honour, let honour be our guide; let us not do any thing which may displease the supreme council which governs us; reflect that it is composed of men as wise as they are virtuous; and who toil by day and by night to support the brilliancy of our glory: yes, government is the first to lose its life for the country, and who as readily will make every traitor suffer; but order is necessary in every arrangement; let us, therefore, consult government, let us obey their directions. Government represents the prince, and who does not obey it offends the prince: if we act against their orders we destroy our own work; and it will be praising the prince at one time, and offending him at another. See that justice is a part of God, and who offends justice offends God, and then greater evils will be fall us than those caused by the tyrant.I shall not treat you as your judge in the plenitude of authority, but as your friend, and the protector of your welfare; I therefore request you will lay before me all your pretensions, which, if they exceed the limits of my jurisdiction, I shall offer them to the consideration of the supreme government, that it may resolve on your behalf. Let us not be despotic, for we offend heaven, and it endangers the harmony which should

subsist among us; let us make our enemy, bite himself with envy, to see that at the same time that we are brave warriors, we love one another with reciprocity. Let no tumults or discordant voices be heard among us, but only the repeated, cordial, and harmonious clamours of, long live the prince our lord, and long live his faithful subjects. -JOAO DE ALMEIDA REBEIRO.

MOORISH PROCLAMATION.-Courage to the Christian; and to shew that we know all. Unfortunate christian,-Ala shews his approbation to you in several ways. You were first oppressed by a tyrant, avaricious of money, who robbed my cousin Charles of his treasures, and you of your blood. He fell, and you acted very wrong not to treat him with Zarra Zarra, which is as much as to say, not to cut off his head. Why did you not do so? Because you were asleep Since that time you have met with another tyrant, ambitious of kingdoms, and he deprived my cousin Charles of his throne, including in the privation all his race, in order to keep the possession to himself, aud to come before much lapse of time to deprive me also of my throne. Arouse, christians! Ah, French dog, why did you give opium to the christians, to get possession of the principal persons, and to effect your entry without exciting apprehension? Why did you not enter sword in hand, that your objects may be seen and the christians may treat you with Zarra Zarra? Christians, you have lost time! Desert this tyrant, as you regard yourselves. Let Seville be loyal, brave, and firm in doing justice! Christians! attack these dogs, and defend the kingdom for the son of my cousin; and let that currish na tion be abhorred for ever. Courage, brave christians attack them, and let Ala the great assist you. I entreat you to defend your kingdom, for my cousin, and for the Englishmen likewise. Let all nations see this, in order that they may know who the French dog is, and that they may rise against him. Sleep no more, christians! Noble Junta of Seville, do strict and severe justice on every traitor towards the Son of my cousin, and may Ala reward you -ALL MAHOMET. Tetuan, June 10, 1808.

ENGLISH ORDER OF COUNCIL, relating to the Trade with Spain.-Office of Committee of Privy Council for Trade, Whitehall, July 14, 1808.

Sir, I am directed by the lords of the

committee of council for trade and foreign plantations, to acquaint you, that in consequence of a recommendation from their lordships, the lords commissioners of the admiralty have been pleased to give instructions to the admirals commanding on the Jamaica and Leeward Islands stations, and to sir Sidney Smith commanding at the Brazils, to use every means in their power, as well by stationing cruizers as by the appointment of convoys, for the protection of British and Spanish vessels emploved in the trade carried on between the British free ports in the West Indies, and the Spanish colonies in that part of the world, against the attacks of French privateers; and I am to request you will communicate this information to the merchants concerned in the trade above mentioned.-I am, Sir, &c. STEPHEN COT

TRELL.

(Circular Letter.) At a

That

AMERICA. meeting of the president and directors of the bank of the United States, on the 13th May 1808, the following report was approved, viz.-The committee appointed to consider what measures ought in their opinion, to be pursued by the directors of this bank, respecting the stockholders of the United States funded debt, who reside in Europe, and have empowered this bank to remit the divi dends received on their account, respectfully submit the following resolution : the cashier of this bank be, and he hereby is, directed to inform the stockholders of the United States' funded debt, who reside in Europe, and have empowered the bank to remit, for their account and risk, the dividends received thereon, that, during the present embargo, and the general deranged state of commerce, it will not be possible to purchase bills of exchange, except at an unusually high price, which must necessarily subject those stockholders to a very heavy loss: that, under circumstances so much to be regretted, it is the desire of the directors of this bank, that the said stockholders would, as soon as possible, give positive directions to the cashier, either to continue his purchase of bills, if any can be obtained, at their current price, and to remit them as usual, to their agents, or to have the amount of their dividends remain to their credit on the books of the United States, unless they should prefer their being received and deposited for their account at this bank.

Attested, "D. LENNOX, President." G. SIMPSON, Cashier.

Printed by Cox and Baylis, Great Queen Street; published by R. Bagshaw, Brydges Street, Covent Garden, where former Numbers may be had: sold also by J. Budd, Crow, and Mitre, Pall-Mall.

V.LV. N. 7] LONDON, SATURDAY, AUGUST 13, 1809.

[PRICE 100.

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SUMMARY OF POLITICS. SPANISH REVOLUTION. — On Friday, the 5th instant, a grand dinner was given by the merchants and bankers, to the Spanish Dpties, at the City of London Tavern, at which, it appears, that the king's ministers prended. At this dinner, there were, it is

1,400 persons present; and that they had pon the table, two thousand five hundred ads weight of turtle, that being merely article of their food, another article Cuasisting of forty or fifty haunches of veni

How many hundreds of wretches have rked like galley slaves, upon bread and er, to supply this gluttonous repast! It a feast well calculated to inspire the scnents, which were uttered in the form of tests, and, through which toasts, the fact

been published to the world, that we to be taxe! for carrying on a war in Spin, not for the sake of giving liberty and piness to the people of that wretched atry, but for that of restoring the hatedespotism that hid so long prevailed, the last act of which was, to introduce a reach army, and to give up the royal auority to Frenchmen In any other light an as the vehicle of this declaration, the artonous meeting would be unworthy of otice; for, of what consequence is it to naparte what we say, or think, about sattempts upon Spain? And, especially, what consequence is it to any one, what London gormandizers say, or think bout it? Napoleon would laugh at the dea of an attack from the turtle patriots, bo, like the animal from which they take er Dame, would be easily caught napping, pl, if once overthrown, would quietly le ill he should find it convenient to destroy hem. If we could beat Napoleon with pasts and songs and tunes and doggerel and with the hoisting of flags, we should have beven him long ago. The last time I saw the English flag hoisted in union with that of an, other nation, it was intwined with thx of France, and, in the Guildhall of the same city of London, they waved over Bebeads of the Mayor, the Aldermen, and M. O.to! Upon that occasion Buonaparte's health was, I think, the second toast, and, in point of satisfaction, given by it to the company, it hardly seemed to yield to

[226

the cart-leds of sweet-meats, which the tawdry wives and daughters of the citizens were, with both hands at once, cramming down their throats; and, who will lay me a guine, that, if Napoleon were to give peace and security to us, upon condition that we would leave him to work his will with Spain, a very great majority of those who devoured the 2,500 pounds weight of turtle would not jump at the offer, and express great anxiety and uneasinesss for the sending away of those very Spanish deputies, who have now to support the calamity of their caresses?—The fourth toast was, we are told, " King Ferdinand VII," which was, the reporter says, received with loud applause, and even with enthusiasm, To give this toast was, it is very probable, the principal object of the meeting. In the king's speech, at the close of the last session of parliament, there was a talk about loyalty, but nothing was hinted as to whom it was the object of this country to set over Spain; in the king's answer to the address of the city of London, he is more explicit, declaring that his sole object is to restore the ancient government of Spain; bat, still, there was room for doubt. This meeting seems to have been regarded as the best vehicle of conveying to the public, in the first instance, the fact, that we are to pay and to fight for the Bourbons. The king's ministers were présent; one of them was the orator for the Spanish Deputies; and, we may, therefore, sately conclude, that they approved of the toist. 【ndeed, it is well known, that, upon such occasions, the toasts and all the proceedings are generally laid down in writing, beforehand, and are submitted to the ministers, without whose consent not a sentiment is publicly uttered.--We may, therefore, I think, look upon it as a setled point, that the object of our government is to restore the House of Bourbon to the throne of Spain, and that, too, without any limitations whatever. This I think a very unjustifiable enterprize. So far from its doing good, supposing it to succeed, I ain convinced it will do harm to every nation in Europe, and particularly to this nation. We sball, moreover, if it be the object to place Ferdinand upon the throne, be engaged in supporting an usurpation; for, is it not

H

notorious that he deposed his father, and that the father has formally protested against the assumption of the royal authority by bis son?" The father was an ideot," say some; but, is that really a sufficient reason for his son s pushing him from the

from him by order of Joseph Buonaparté, or by order of Ferdinand VII? Why, the man that will fight for the sake of a choice between the two must be a downright brute,

We have all along been expressing our hopes, that the example of Spain may have a

throne ? Kings would be in a peril-powerful effect in France, that the French

ous way, if, upon a pretence of their
being ideots, they could, at any moment,
be deposed. But, we are told, that the old
king abdicated his throne in favour of his son
Ferdinand. And, has not Ferdinand since
abdicated that same throue in favour of the
emperor Napoleon? If one was a forced
abdication the other was not less so; and, in
the latter case, there has been no protest at
all, while, in the former case, there was a
protest. So that, if any body be rightfully
king of Spain, it is the old king and not the
young one, unless we allow of the validity
of the several acts of abdication; and, then,
Joseph Buonaparté is the rightful king of
Spain.- -The fact now appears to be,
that there were two parties in Spain, one for
the old king and the Prince of Peace, and
one for the young king, then the Prince of
Asturias; that the latter did, at last, pre-
vail; that they caused the old king to abdi-
cate his throne; and that, after Ferdinand
had been frightened away by Murat, they
rose in arms to resist the French and for
the purpose of causing Ferdinand to be re-
stored. It is, therefore, this party only
who are fighting and writing against the
French; and, I am much afraid, that their
object is not that of establishing freedom in
Spain. If this be the case, Napoleon will be
very little affected by the surrender of DUPONT
and his army. He has not a people, but
merely a faction to contend with; a faction
has, and can have, no fixed principle of
action; difficulties will producedisagreements
amongst the leaders; and, one sweeping
defeat puts an end to the insurrection. The
war now appears to be not for freedom from
oppression; not for the purpose of keeping
out a conqueror, not for the rights of the
people; but merely for a choice of despots.
It is a war, in which two rival kings are
contending for the mastership over an en-
slaved nation; and, as to the people of Spain,
they have, if this be the case, really no,
more interest in the issue, than the sheep or
the swine of Spain. These latter will not,
I warrant them, be killed unless they have
good flesh upon their bones; and the former
will not be robbed, unless they possess some-
thing worth the taking away. If a mm, or
a nation, be enslaved, it is no matter who,
or what, is his master. What signifies it to
Spaniard, whether his dinner be taken

people may catch the flame, and finally
shake off the yoke, which Napoleon has had
the address to put upon their necks. But, if
the war in Spain be carried on for Ferdinand,
and, even if it should restore him to the
throne, what good is that likely to do in
France ? What flame will there be for the
people of France to catch? How are they
to profit from that example? Or, is ther
any one so very very stupid as to suppose
that the people of France, who, in spite o
all Napoleon's acts of despotism, do now
possess the lands and houses of former nobi
lity, clergy, and rich men, will, for the
mere pleasure of having a change of masters
give up all those extensive and valuable pos
sessions? If, indeed, the Spaniards wer
to beat Napoleon, and establish a new g
vernment, promising the enjoyment of I
berty and property, then their examp
would be powerful with the French, an
might lead to consequences the most impo
tant, in all the nations of Europe.
turtle patriots, while they are toasting kit
Ferdinand VII, very consistently toast Fe
dinand IV, king of Sicily; but, upon su
an occasion, and in such a company, wh
had a toast in behalf of liberty to do? Th
toasted success to "our brave associates

-TI

liberty and arms." If we are to be t associates of the subjects of Ferdinand, liberty as well as in arms, we want no co jurer to tell us what degree of liberty t turtle-patriots would suffer us to enjo The turtle-patriots do, in fact, wish t none of us to enjoy any thing worth of the name of liberty. They would execra the cause of the Spaniards, if they thoug them engaged in the cause of liberty; an if they wish success to the arms of those w are opposed to Napoleon, in Spain, it because they dread the effect of an ove throw of that system of government, by whi the people were held in slavery the most d graceful. Ifthecontest is to be bet ween Fer nand and Joseph, my decided opinionisthatt latter will remain king of Spain; and, wh ever my wishes may be, the turtle-patri would rather that Joseph should be kin than that the war should terminate with t establishment of a free constitution.— toasting Ferdinand the turtle-patriots we toasting an enemy of their country; aku if they insist upon his being one, who is

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