The most fearful cravings for some religion which are im-['a gloomy and fearful principle, abounding in punplanted in every reasonable soul, and it ishment in the present life, and dark threatenings seemed as if it needed but that the Standard for the future (p. 40). of the Cross should be lifted up to draw all of all these deities was Pele, a goddess. Her men unto it. Into the details of the Mis-habitation, the famous volcano of Kilauea, well sion work thus introduced, it is not our in- her attendant spirits she revelled in the flames. accorded with her reputed character. Here with tention to enter. We have traced it rapid- The unearthly noises of the burning mass were the ly out in a former article, and we have no- music of their dance, and they bathed in the red thing to withdraw of what we then said, surge of the fiery billows as it dashed against the either in the way of narrative or of antici- sides of the crater.'-p. 46. pation. We shall content ourselves here by endeavouring to take a general estimate of the effects of their work, and of the de-covers one hundred and twenty square miles, gree to which it still leaves the field the old heathenism, driven from the rest of other endeavours. Hawaii, slowly retreated-gathering up its forces for the last encounter with the new open to With all the favourable circumstances then which seemed to promise the fullest success to the American Mission, there stood in the way of any true reception of the Gospel of purity the huge obstacle to which we have above alluded. Nor are we disposed at all to undervalue its power. We do not forget the fearful words in which Salvian finds a reason for the permitted ravages of the West by the incursions of the barbarians, in the impossibility of cleansing degenerate Christendom by any lighter discipline from such fleshly sins. Nor do we for an instant lose sight of the shameful fact, that the sin of Hawaii has been stirred into a fiercer flame by the deadly contagion of Christian vice. English vessels of war, American ships, the reckless crews of whalers, and escaped convicts from Botany Bay, have all aggravated the evil; and seemed to the heathen to establish the terrible conclusion that Christianity itself, whatever great words its teach ers might speak concerning its might, was powerless against the raging appetite of man. All these really tremendous difficulties we allow for to the full. To the base of this vast volcano, which religion. Hither, to confront in their very home of power the priests of the old faith, came from afar this adventurous princess. She had a journey of one hundred miles to accomplish before she reached the mountain. As she neared its side, a prophetess of the insulted goddess met her with warnings and denunciations of destruction. But she undauntedly persevered; and, upon the black of the calmest faith to the anxious company ledge of the seething fire, she spoke in words who waited to see how the wrath of the goddess would break forth 'Jehovah is my God. He kindled these fires. I fear not Pele. If I perish by the anger of Pele, then you may fear the power of Pele. But if Jehovah shall save me from the wrath of Pele, when I break through her tabus, then you must of Hawaii are vain.' fear and serve the Lord Jehovab. All the gods We have a description of the features of the scene in the midst of which these words of calm confidence in God were spoken; it is from the pen of that world-wide traveller the Count Strzelecki : : 'What I remember,' he says, in the 'Hawaiian mighty objects upon me, are the difficulties I had Spectator,' as showing the mighty influence of to struggle with before my eye could be torn away from the idle, vacant, but ecstatic gazes with which I regarded the great whole, down to the analytical part of the unparalleled scene before me. I say unparalleled, because, having visited find the greatest of them inferior to Kilauea in most of the European and American volcanoes, I intensity, grandeur, and extent or area. Nor do we doubt that individual cases of true renewal have blessed the zealous labours of these preachers of righteousness. Some, indeed, of their converts rise even to glorious proportions in the new life. Few acts of Christian heroism can be found in any records to exceed that of Kapiolani, the wife of Naike, the public orator of the kingdom. The whole ancient religion of Hawaii was in great measure coloured by the awful volcanic phenomena of which these islands are the north-north-east wall of the crater, found, The abrupt and precipitous cliff which forms still the theatre. Nowhere else on the face after my repeated observations, to be elevated of the known world are these so stupen- four thousand one hundred and four feet above dous. To deprecate the wrath of the spirits the level of the sea, overhangs an area of three of power who ruled over these fire-orgies of million one hundred and fifty thousand square Nature by sacrifices of every kind, rising up three hundred yards, and containing more than yards of half-cooled scoria, sunk to the depth of to those of Man, was the object of their rude three hundred and twenty-eight thousand square ritual. The religion thus inspired Mr. yards of convulsed torrents of earths in igneous Jarves tells us wasfusion, and gaseous fluids constantly effervescing, boiling, spouting, rolling in all directions like waves of a disturbed sea, violently beating the edge of the caldrons like an infuriated surf, and, like surf, spreading all around its spray in the form of capillary glass, which fills the air, and adberes in a flaky and pendulous form to the distorted and broken masses of the lava all around; five caldrons, each of about five thousand seven hundred square yards, almost at the level of the great area, and containing only the twelfth part the red liquid. The sixth caldron is encircled by a wall of accumulated scoria of fifty yards high, forming the south-south-west point; the Hale mau mau, to which the bones of the former high chiefs were consigned, the sacrifices to the goddess Pele offered, the abyss of abysses, the caldron of caldrons, exhibiting the most frightful area of three hundred thousand square yards of bubbling red-hot lava, changing incessantly its level, sometimes rolling the long, curled waves with broken masses of cooled crust to one side of the horrible laboratory; sometimes, as if they had made a mistake, turning them back with spouting fury, and a sub terraneous, terrific noise, of a sound more infernal than earthly. Around are blocks of lava, scoria, slags of every description and combination; here elevated, by the endless number of superimposed layers, in perpendicular walls one thousand feet high; there torn asunder, cracked, or remoulded every where terror, convulsion mighty engine nothingness of man !' of nature Such was the scene in which stood the undaunted witness for Jehovah. All old traditions bid her believe that these throes of convulsed Nature were the direct personal acts of the present goddess whose wrath she dared. The very name by which the natives describe the vitreous flakes which flew wildly, like gray-locks, around the vast chasm, the 'hair of Pele,' witnesses to the intensity of life with which the old superstition had in vested every act of that fiery drama. Calm she stood there in the majesty of faith, cast unhurt with an untrembling hand the sacred berries into the labouring caldron, and, like the Three Children of old, left the burning furnace without the smell of fire having passed upon her- the destroyer of the last lingering dread of the long-dominant 'Tabu.' The native character which could yield one such specimen must be capable of great things. Still, upon the whole, we cannot gather that the mighty work of national regeneration has, as yet, been successfully accomplished. Facts with which we will not stain these pages would seem to imply that the old vices of the islands have rather been varnished over than eradicated, and that deep down in the nation's heart the deadly evil still festers on unhealed. The depopulation of the islands seems to continue, and its main causes are, we fear, what they were of old-sensuality, and its ever-constant concomitant, a pitiless infanticide. How far the American missionaries, with all their noble designs and charitable labours, have brought to bear upon this people all the healing influences of the Gospel dispensation is with us the question yet to be solved. We believe that they have not. Such a people, in the first place, needed, we believe, to have Christianity brought to bear upon them with as full a measure as she allows of all that appeals in doctrine, in worship, and in manners to the imagination and the feelings as well as to the reason and the conscience. Instead of this, in dealing with this people all has been pared down to the sharpest outline of puritanical severity. And this temper has pervaded all the dealings of the missionaries with their converts, They have, it seems to us, to a great degree sought to put down vice by coercion rather than to raise men out of it by the glorious truths which flow from the doctrine of the Incarnation of our Lord. A people,' says one of their warmest admirers,* 'that live like the Hawaiians, cannot be virtuous and pure, how far soever they may be Christianvigilance of magistrates and constables, the disciized; and yet through the rigour of the laws, the pline and restraints of the Church, it is probable that there is no more licentiousness than among the same number of inhabitants in cities of Eng. land, France, or America.' We confess that we have little faith in works of moral healing which are accomplished by the agency of the constable; and as to the relative estimate which is formed by our author of the morality of the cities of England, France, or America when compared with that of Hawaii, we must remind him of other words of his own, on which we will make no comment: 'Almost all the suspensions of church-membership have been on account of adultery,' &c. The people are but half-reclaimed savages.' 'There are causes at work which, if they are not soon arrested, will ensure national depopulation.'§ We think that we discover every where traces of the American missionaries treating the people far too much as children. This tendency, mingled with much of the old severity of Puritanism, must have been most repugnant to all the natural dispositions of this remarkable race. Such is the judgment of Mr. Hopkins as to the constitutions which, under their influence, were adopted as the nation's code of jurisprudence : Perhaps, in examining these, they may appear to "The Constitution" proceeds to organize laws. adhere more closely to the letter than to the The Rev. H. T. Cheever, "The Island World,' p. 130. 'The Island World,' p. 129. Ib. § Ib. p. 153. guage. spirit of God's laws under the Mosaic dispensation. I opened for them its portals. Old things had Mr. Simpson pronounces them to be the Blue passed away, all things had become new. Laws of Connecticut, with the addition of powers Congregationalism cannot use such lanconferred on officers to practise extortion and It knows nothing of the Sacratyranny, not even possessed by a Turkish pasha. The code of laws regulates taxation, gratuitous mental system of the Early Church. In labour of the people for the government, rent of Hawaii too it has of late, in confronting land. It enacts curious regulations for the sup- Romanism, been driven farther from those pression of idleness and unchastity. If a man peculiar characteristics of the Apostolic were found "sitting idle, or doing nothing" on age. It remains to be seen how far our own one of the days when he was free from government branch of the Church may be able to suplabour, even then an officer might set him at work for the government till the evening. Thus, like ply these deficiencies, and build up in all its the boy at school who was doing nothing, he was perfectness and beauty the Christian edifice. effectually taught not to do it again. But the It is with many advantages that it underinventive genius of the new lawgivers expatiated takes the work. Romanism is the object of most ardently in regulations relating to the vices, wide-spread hatred in these islands. Here, crimes, and sins of unchastity. It seems as if as elsewhere, it has most dangerously sought they had spent days and nights in considering the to transfer the ancient popular feeling in subject, and presenting it in the most new, inge- favour of idolatry to its own use of images; nious, and unexpected lights. The result of their and by this, and other like courses of action, deliberations was a sort of network very complex and very severe, yet unequal in its texture, and has brought its own religious teaching into even in parts open to Bion's reproach of laws, that contempt. 'Their worship,' said Kaahanthey caught the small flies and allowed the great anu, is like that we have forsaken.' 'This ones to break through. Suffice it for the present is the kind of god we always had before we to say, that in the "Law respecting Lewdness" heard of the true God, I will not turn to distinctions are drawn which are rather fine than that," said another on being shown by the nice, with heavy penalties for those who possess priest a bronze crucifix worn about his neck. money; while disproportionately severe punish- It is moreover identified in the popular ments were affixed to irregularities which morality condemns, but about which European legislation mind with French arms and French deis silent, conceiving itself concerned with crimes signs; and of these there is in the islands a rather than vices, and leaving the punishment of very lively suspicion. In spite, therefore, of sin to another tribunal. As an instance of this the boasts of the Roman Catholics as to the disparity, in a case where the money fine for number of their converts, and in spite of breaking the law was fixed at twenty dollars, its the real affection doubtless borne to them equivalent was five months' imprisonment imprisonment in which all the days were to be spent in hard labour, and all the nights passed in heavy manacles.'- pp. 255, 256. an by those whom they have won, we do not fear any really powerful opposition from that quarter. Happily too, owing to the resistance of the Government and other But there are, we believe, at work causes causes, no Roman Catholic diocese has been even deeper than these, which were frustrat- formed in Hawaii; so that, in founding the ing the best efforts of these devoted men. It see of Honolulu, we cannot be charged with would be to enter upon questions too distinc-intruding our bishop into the field of antively theological if we proceeded to inquire other. at any length whether the causes of this com- Meanwhile the welcome from many will parative failure in their missions are not in- be warm. The see of Honolulu, as many volved in the religious system of the Con- of our readers no doubt are aware, has been gregationalists; but we cannot quit the sub- founded on the direct application to our ject without suggesting it as a matter for the Queen and to the Archbishop of Canterbury gravest reflection. In some of the cities of of the King himself. He is, we have reason ancient Greece, especially at Corinth, the to believe, one of the most remarkable men first preachers of the Gospel had to strive of the day. The heir of a race of absolute against the prevalence of customs of which rulers, whose word was law, and who posit was a shame for Christians even to speak. sessed the unrestricted power of life and And how did they deal with them? There death, he has gladly co-operated in giving to is no withholding of emphatic declarations his country a free constitution, and in govof the wrath of God against those which do erning it according to the laws. Of an ensuch things, or have pleasure in them that lightened intelligence, familiar with all the do them.' But with this there is a perpetual literature of Europe, an adept in all the raising before the converts' eyes a glorious mysteries of international law, and in manstandard of regenerate humanity. Baptism ners and all bodily exercises a perfect had transferred them into a kingdom of light. English gentleman, if any ruler could add Christ himself and his blessed Spirit were within them. The Heavenly Kingdom had *The Island World,' p. 118. strength to such a mission as that which now leaves our shores, surely he would be the one. May our ardent wishes for the future be fulfilled through the wisdom and zeal of him whom our Archbishop and his assistant suffragans are sending out on this high enterprise; and may the time come when the Melanesian band which, under Bishop Patteson, is steering northward from New Zealand, may meet the southward progress of the Hawaiian Church, and all the rescued islands lift up with grateful accord their hands of thankfulness to God! under which the Romanists and the Dissenters severally labour. The Pope is in trouble because he has lost the greater part of what he possessed, and is in a fair way to lose the rest. The Liberation Society have only to deplore that they have not as good a chance as they enjoyed a short time ago of appropriating the possessions of others. Both have sought a refuge from their present troubles in contemplating the heroism of the past; and in this point of view, taking quality and quantity together into consideration, both stand on a tolerably equal footing. The Pope canonizes martyrs who preferred to die by horrible tortures rather than renounce the faith of Christ; but he can only produce twenty-seven of them. The Liber ation Society canonizes martyrs who preferred to abandon what they had wrongfully acquired rather than renounce the Scottish Covenant; but then it professes to produce two thousand of them. That a certain suspicion of fable attaches to the chronicle of suffering is equally true in either instance. In both cases, too, the useful and the sweet are mingled; and a sagacious forethought ART. VIII.—1. Bicentenary of the Bartholomew Ejectment in 1862. St. James's Hall Addresses, by Rev. Robert Vaughan, D.D., Rev. John Stoughton, Alfred Rooker, Esq., Rev. J. Edmond, D.D., and Rev. J. Spence, D.D. London, 1862. 2. The Bicentenary, the Liberation Society, and to what do its Principles tend? A Lecture. By the Rev. J. B. Clifford. for practical needs adorns and tempers the London, 1862. 3. Facts and Fictions of the Bicentenary. A 6. A Ray of Light cast upon St. Bartholo- self-abandonment of religious veneration. But inquiry to the claims for canonization which not think it necessary to preach a sermon in have been thrust upon us from a quarter so his honour, upon the next anniversary of the unexpected, and also to the abundant ana- event. Nor will the transaction be ennobled, themas which have been bestowed upon the if such vicissitudes of possession should be civil and ecclesiastical rulers of that day for the result of political disturbance. Few the policy they pursued. people would be inclined to express any We have no intention of denying all keen sympathy for the Napoleonic marshals merit to the ejected of 1660 and 1662. when they were ousted of the dotations in Some, like Baxter, were men of distinguish- foreign countries with which their master ed piety; and for the remainder it may be had cheaply paid them. Nor, if a like misfairly argued that it is always a meritorious fortune should befall the Northerners who thing to suffer any loss, whether great or have quartered themselves in Southern small, rather than renounce in words the country-houses, or the Taepings who have genuine convictions of the soul. But it is a housed themselves in Ning-po, is it prokind of merit which, happily for mankind, bable that any Bicentenary will, at any fu is not so rare that it calls for a Bicentenary ture period, commemorate their sufferings. commemoration. It has plentifully adorned The world, in short, has hitherto perversely every age in which religious controversies refused to regard the enforced restitution of have arisen; and our own epoch, though stolen goods as a claim to the honours of commonly accused of an undue tendency to either political or religious martyrdom. compromise belief, has witnessed examples It is difficult to understand why a differof it in great abundance. The officers in ent scale of measurement is to be adopted the army might as well have held a Bicen- for the benefit of the religious belligerents of tenary to commemorate the fact that Crom- 1640, who were 'hoist with their own pe well's soldiers did not run away at the battle tard' in the year 1662. Their title to the of Worcester. It is perfectly true that the benefices of which they drew the revenues Puritan ministers, like the Puritan soldiers, was precisely the same as Murat's title to the stood manfully to their colours; but the Kingdom of Naples, or Jerome's title to the same has been done by thousands of others Kingdom of Westphalia. They had risen before and since, who have been thought to by the sword, and by the sword they fell. need no special commemoration. They ful- They made an organized attack upon the filled the primary duty of their profession, Church of England, in which, at first, they the betrayal of which would have branded were brilliantly successful. Though the them with infamy-but they did no more. whole of the Executive power was thrown It cannot, therefore, be mere admiration into the scale against them, they succeeded for a sacrifice of no uncommon kind that is in subverting the Church and Throne toto unite all the Dissenting congregations in gether, and made themselves masters of one simultaneous expression of feeling on the power and revenues of both. The victhe 24th of August next. It is another tories gained were vigorously followed up. passion, more easily sustained, that is to be It was against Episcopacy they had made fed by a contemplation of the events of war, and they hunted it down with unrelent1662. It is the alleged wrong, and not the ing hatred. The Archbishop to whom they virtue, which it is intended to commemor- were specially opposed expiated upon the ate: it is resentment, and not veneration, scaffold the crime of having provoked their which that commemoration is intended to enmity. The clergy were the special obkeep alive. But is the resentment better ject of their animosity. So early as 1640, justified than the veneration? It is not a Committee was appointed for the purpose sufficient to say that they were turned out of ejecting scandalous' Ministers; and as of their livings. Before that fact arouses years went on, its area of operations was our indignation, we must be satisfied that widened till it extended throughout the they had any right to hold them. Before country. The Head Committees sat in we commemorate the great wrong they London; and affiliated Committees armed suffered in being ejected from their parson- with absolute authority were established in ages, it is material to inquire how they got most of the counties of England and Wales. into them. It is obvious that there may be They were formed of the most desperate cases in which the misfortune of being com- fanatics that could be got together, whatpelled to surrender property may not ne- ever their previous character or rank in life cessarily command our sympathies. If a might have been. Their proceedings were pickpocket has possessed himself of your carried on in a style which generally marks handkerchief, and yields it up to you again tribunals that have been instituted to carry under the gentle pressure of the police, his out the political objects of a despotic execumost admiring and enthusiastic friend would tive. Their business was to dismiss the |